Evidence amalgamation in the sciences: an introduction

Fletcher, Samuel C.; Landes, Jürgen; Poellinger, Roland

doi:10.1007/s11229-018-1840-6

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 82 publications

(113 reference statements)

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“…Esta amalgama se basa en el principio de variedad de evidencia, o en que más evidencia confirma de manera más fuerte una hipótesis en contraste con menor variedad de evidencia. Este principio se hace relevante cuando el acceso a un fenómeno de interés es incompleto, indirecto o utiliza supuestos y, al mismo tiempo, se deben tomar decisiones políticas de la forma más informada posible (Fletcher, Landes y Poellinger, 2019).…”

Section: Amalgama De Métodos De Evidencia: Modelos Y Rctsunclassified

Evidencia y Explicación en Economía

Torres-Ulloa

2021

Culturas Científicas

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En economía, la investigación se divide en dos grandes metodologías: los modelos teórico-matemáticos y los estudios empíricos. Estudiando modelos teóricos y métodos empíricos (ejemplificados en Randomized Controlled Trial (i.e. RCT)) se da cuenta de las limitaciones de ambos métodos. Se concluye que ninguno de estos puede generar explicaciones de cómo en realidad suceden las cosas, sino que solo de cómo posiblemente suceden. La razón es que ambos necesitan un enlace interpretativo que permita extrapolar desde su propio sistema (i.e. el del modelo y el del estudio empírico, respectivamente) hacia un sistema objetivo. Los modelos tienen dominio general y pueden dar cuenta de mecanismos. Los RCTs, al contrario, son válidos internamente (si cumplen ciertas condiciones) y están conectados al mundo real, pero su dominio es muy específico. Aunque ninguno logre responder preguntas amplias de un fenómeno de interés, pueden complementarse para generar extrapolaciones más confiables sobre un sistema objetivo. Sin embargo, esto solo podrá hacerse si se conocen bien los mecanismos y el contexto en que ocurre una evidencia. Palabras clave: Causalidad, Mecanismos, Capacidades, Epistemología de la Economía, Generalización de Evidencia.

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Section: Amalgama De Métodos De Evidencia: Modelos Y Rctsunclassified

Evidencia y Explicación en Economía

Torres-Ulloa

2021

Culturas Científicas

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“…Both processes relied on cooperation at various levels and on the deployment, weighing and organising of different types of entity evidence. Using a variety of heterogeneous evidence types to calculate the best course of action from a range of options leads to more robust conclusions (Fletcher et al 2018 ). But external influences, political and financial, shape the discussion, while internal influences such as rhetoric and internecine competition drive that discussion in certain directions.…”

Section: Nature and Deliberation Of Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

What is evidence as evidence is used? A case of dualism?

Fletcher

2021

Soc Theory Health

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How ‘evidence’ is conceptualised, generated and deployed in meso-level policy implementation on the ground is critical to health delivery. Using the case of a large-scale health service reconfiguration in northwest England, this study began as a narrative investigation into how different data types and sources are prioritised as NHS administrative structures change over time. During the research, one unpopular reconfiguration decision, the downgrading of a hospital, was challenged using judicial review. Suddenly, a key decision was being based not upon ‘facts and data’ type evidence but upon evidence of adherence to administrative procedure. This transferred focus away from the ever-shifting categories and hierarchies of data ‘types’ towards an emphasis on process. By comparing two deliberative contexts—committee and judicial review—this article proposes that evidence can be understood as simultaneously entity and process. As health service reconfigurations continue in response to austerity, integration agendas, evolving organisational landscapes, and demographic and political change, it is increasingly important to recognise the different meanings and uses of evidence.

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“…This kind of “amalgamation” of different sources of contributory evidence does not constitute proof of a theory but may be a critical for development as well as refinement of theory (Fletcher et al, 2019; Kao, 2019). This form of evidence can suggest that a theory is plausible rather than confirm it.…”

Section: Evidence and Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…“When access to phenomena of interest is incomplete, piecemeal, indirect, or mediated by substantial auxiliary assumptions, it is not always obvious in what manner scientists can justifiably decide how their total evidence comparatively supports hypotheses and informs future research” (Fletcher et al, 2019, p. 3164).…”

Section: Evidence and Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Gravity of Objects: How Affectively Organized Generative Models Influence Perception and Social Behavior

Connolly

2019

Front. Psychol.

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Friston’s (2010) free energy principle (FEP) offers an opportunity to rethink what is meant by the psychoanalytic concept of an object or discrete mental representation (Ogden, 1992). The significance of such objects in psychoanalysis is that they may be superimposed on current experience so that perceptions are partly composed of projected fantasy and partly of more realistic perception. From a free energy perspective, the psychoanalytic (person) object may be understood as a bounded set of prior beliefs about a “platonic” sort of person that provides a free energy minimizing, evidence maximizing, hypothesis to explain inference about – or dyadic interactions with – another. The degree to which realistic perception supervenes – relative to a platonic person object – will depend upon the precision assigned to the sensory evidence (concerning the person) relative to the prior beliefs about a platonic form. This provides a basis for not only explaining projection and transference phenomena but also conceptualizing a central assumption within the object relations psychoanalysis. As an example, the paper examines the Kleinian theory of split good or bad part objects as affectively organized generative models (or platonic part-object models) formed in early infancy. This also provides a basis for building on work by Kernberg (1984, 1996) by conceptualizing the role of the part object(s) in a continuum of reality testing, from mild errors in perception that are relatively easily corrected, through borderline affective instability and frequent shifts between part-object experience, to psychotic failures of reality testing, where Friston et al. (2016) proposed that aberrant precisions bias perception to high precision false beliefs (here cast as platonic part objects), such as stable perceptions of others (and possibly oneself) as persecutory agents of some sort. The paper demonstrates the value that the history of clinical insights into psychoanalysis (including object relations) and a system-based approach to the brain (including the free energy principle) can have for one another. This is offered as a demonstration of the potential value of an “Integrative Clinical Systems Psychology” proposed by Tretter and Lo¨ffler-Stastka (2018), which has the potential to integrate the major theoretical frameworks in the field today.

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Evidence amalgamation in the sciences: an introduction

Cited by 12 publications

References 82 publications

Evidencia y Explicación en Economía

Evidencia y Explicación en Economía

What is evidence as evidence is used? A case of dualism?

The Gravity of Objects: How Affectively Organized Generative Models Influence Perception and Social Behavior

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