Evidence against memorial facilitation and context-dependent memory effects through the chewing of gum

Johnson, Andrew; Miles, Christopher

doi:10.1016/j.appet.2006.10.003

Cited by 31 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The interaction demonstrates that both context‐change combinations resulted in poorer recall than both context‐same combinations. This finding is novel with respect to previous studies (e.g., Johnson & Miles, 2007, 2008; Miles & Johnson, 2007, 2010) in which the context‐change combinations did not result in poorer recall compared to the context‐consistent combinations.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 62%

“…The observed CDM effect in the present study is curious with respect to past null effects for those studies in which context has been manipulated via the presence or absence of chewing a single gum pellet (e.g., Johnson & Miles, 2007, 2008; Miles & Johnson, 2007, 2010). Intuitively, gum chewing compared to non‐gum chewing appears contextually more distinct than chewing one gum pellet compared to four gum pellets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…That chewing gum can benefit some components of cognition is well established (e.g., Baker, Bezance, Zellaby, & Aggleton, 2004; Houcan & Li, 2007; Miles, Charig, & Eva, 2008; Stephens & Turney, 2004; Wilkinson, Scholey, & Wesnes, 2002). However, the benefit of chewing gum with respect to immediate memory, and its salience as a contextual cue is less emphatic (e.g., Johnson & Miles, 2007, 2008; Miles & Johnson, 2007; Tucha, Mecklinger, Maier, Hammerl, & Lange, 2004). The disparity is surprising when one considers the enhanced neurological activity (Momose et al , 1997; Onozuka et al , 2002) and the fluctuations in nervous system activation via adrenal arousal (Smith, 2010) observed in gum‐chewing participants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results were partially consistent with CDM predictions: recall was best for the gum–gum group, but only for delayed (24 hr) recall. However, since this early finding, a number of well‐controlled studies (see Johnson & Miles, 2007, 2008; Miles & Johnson, 2007, 2010; Overman, Sun, Golding, & Prevost, 2009), have been unable to either reproduce a CDM benefit, or demonstrate a general facilitative effect of chewing gum on memory performance. Given the lack of strong empirical support for either CDM or positive memorial effects while chewing gum, the current experiment was designed to address two points of methodology that, either together or independently, might account for the largely null effects of chewing gum on free recall performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of chewing gum resistance on immediate free recall

Rickman

Johnson

Miles

2012

British J of Psychology

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Although the facilitative effects of chewing gum on free recall have proved contentious (e.g., Tucha, Mecklinger, Maier, Hammerl, & Lange, 2004; Wilkinson, Scholey, & Wesnes, 2002), there are strong physiological grounds, for example, increased cerebral activity and blood flow following the act of mastication, to suppose facilitation. The present study manipulated resistance to mastication, that is, chewing four pellets versus one pellet of gum, with the assumption that increased resistance will accentuate cerebral activity and blood flow. Additionally, chewing rate was recorded for all participants. In a within-participants design, participants performed a series of immediate free recall tasks while chewing gum at learning (one or four pellets) and recall (one or four pellets). Increased chewing resistance was not associated with increased memory performance, despite consistent chewing rates for both the one and four pellet conditions at both learning and recall. However, a pattern of recall consistent with context-dependent memory was observed. Here, participants who chewed the equivalent number of gum pellets at both learning and recall experienced significantly superior word recall compared to those conditions where the number of gum pellets differed.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of chewing gum resistance on immediate free recall

Rickman

Johnson

Miles

2012

British J of Psychology

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“…Johnson and Miles 6 found that significantly more words were recalled in the no-gum learning condition. No context-dependent effect was present in the gum condition even though it was involved in the no-gum condition (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Effects of chewing gum on mood, learning, memory and performance of an intelligence test

Smith

2009

Nutritional Neuroscience

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Chewing gum, stress and health

Smith

2009

Stress and Health

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Hollingworth described chewing gum as ‘a technique of relaxation’. Recent research has examined this issue and there is evidence that chewing gum can prevent the adverse effects of acute stress. There are also plausible biological mechanisms that could explain such effects. It is now important to examine chewing gum and chronic stress and the present study involved a survey of this topic. The survey covered the ‘stress process’, collecting data on exposure to stressful events, levels of perceived stress and health outcomes. Frequency of chewing gum was also recorded. Potential confounding factors (demographics, personality and health‐related behaviours) were also recorded. The web‐based survey was completed by a community sample of 2,248 full‐time workers (68% female. Mean age: 35 years, range 18–74 years). Sixty‐one per cent of the sample were gum chewers. The results showed that chewing gum was associated with lower levels of perceived stress (both at work and life in general). Gum chewers were also less likely to be depressed and to have seen their doctor for high blood pressure or high cholesterol. Chewing gum was associated with lower levels of alcohol consumption and with cigarette smoking. Gum chewers were also more likely to be neurotic extraverts. Those who chewed gum were also more likely to be exposed to negative factors at work. Logistic regression analyses showed that the effects of chewing gum on stress and health remained significant when these confounding factors were controlled for. These results suggest that chewing gum may be a simple way of preventing stress and the negative health outcomes that are often associated with it. Intervention studies are now required and the mechanisms underlying the effects reported here need further investigation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Evidence against memorial facilitation and context-dependent memory effects through the chewing of gum

Cited by 31 publications

References 10 publications

The impact of chewing gum resistance on immediate free recall

The impact of chewing gum resistance on immediate free recall

Effects of chewing gum on mood, learning, memory and performance of an intelligence test

Chewing gum, stress and health

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