Evergreen forests on the Korean Peninsula faced a new threat: Schizomyia castanopsisae (Jat-bam-na-mu-hok-pa-ri) inducing galls on reproductive organs of Castanopsis sieboldii in the Yokjido Island Natural Monument Forest

Abstract

Unnoticed and silently, a certain midge has emerged that could pose a threat to the evergreen forests on the Korean Peninsula and the associated island ecosystems. We report the discovery of an unrecorded species on the Korean Peninsula, identified as <i>Schizomyia castanopsisae</i> Elsayed & Tokuda, 2018 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). This previously unrecorded gall midge species induces galls on a reproductive organ of <i>Castanopsis sieboldii</i>, specifically the inflorescences, and was found in the natural monument forest on Yokjido Island. A total of 40 larvae were collected from 8 inflorescence galls, each obtained from individual hosts within the forest. Morphological examinations and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) region sequencing were conducted for each specimen, confirming the identification of the gall inducer as <i>S. castanopsisae</i>. The COI sequences from the 40 specimens collected on Yokjido Island were identical, showing a 99.8% match with individuals from Kyushu, Japan. Additionally, a maximum likelihood tree analysis revealed a sister relationship between Yokjido Island and Kyushu individuals. Considering the tropical nature of gall midge species, it suggests recent northward migration from Kyushu to Yokjido Island. This species not only significantly reduces acorn production but also has the potential to negatively impact organisms associated with acorns. Drawing from cases in Japan, this species has the potential to rapidly dominate evergreen broad-leaved forests on numerous islands in the Korean Peninsula. Therefore, urgent additional research on aspects such as natural enemies of this species, its dispersal mechanisms, and other relevant factors is necessary. We also investigated the distribution of trees with inflorescences gall-induced by <i>S. castanopsisae</i> in the Yokjido Island Natural Monument Forest. The occurrence frequency of these galls is estimated to be approximately 10 percent.