Event-Triggering Virtual Inertia Control of PV Systems With Power Reserve

Peng, Qiao; Tang, Zhongting; Yang, Yongheng; Liu, Tianqi; Blaabjerg, Frede

doi:10.1109/tia.2021.3080227

Cited by 31 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…PV and wind turbine generators can be used to reduce system inertia, as proposed in the literature [22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. Nevertheless, the main contribution of this study is the use of inverter air conditioners as the main component of virtual energy storage systems to provide virtual inertia and frequency regulation.…”

Section: A Virtual Energy Storage System Using Iac and Pv Capacitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, distributed RES, such as photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine generators, have been applied to provide virtual inertia and frequency regulation. For PV and wind turbine generators, deloading and inertia emulation are the two primary techniques used to provide virtual inertia and frequency regulation [22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. The deloading of the PV generation may not be economically reasonable when the load demand is high.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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MPC-Based Virtual Energy Storage System Using PV and Air Conditioner to Emulate Virtual Inertia and Frequency Regulation of the Low-Inertia Microgrid

2022

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Grid-connected large-scale power converter-based intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) reduce system inertia, increase frequency fluctuation, and increase the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF). An energy storage system (ESS) is an indispensable component of a smart grid, and is used to overcome low-inertia problems. However, the capital and maintenance costs of ESS are high and high RoCoF events are less frequent in power systems. Therefore, the introduction of a virtual energy storage system (VESS) to provide the function of a conventional ESS for power system ancillary services is an innovative and cost-effective method. This study investigated a VESS using photovoltaic (PV) generators and inverter air conditioners (IACs) to provide virtual inertia and frequency regulation for a low-inertia microgrid. A model predictive control (MPC)-based VESS regulates indoor temperature, microgrid frequency, and RoCoF. The impact of parameter variation, that is, the microgrid frequency weight, indoor temperature weight, virtual inertia gain, and number of IACs, was studied and selected by considering the ability of the parameters to provide virtual inertia and frequency regulation. Finally, the efficiency and robustness of the proposed MPC-based VESS technique are compared with those of a conventional VESS. Simulation results revealed that the proposed MPC-based VESS can improve the virtual inertia, reduce the frequency deviation, and reduce the RoCoF of the studied microgrid. In addition, the proposed method is robust to variations in the system parameters.INDEX TERMS Virtual energy storage system, virtual inertia emulator, load frequency control, inverter air conditioner, photovoltaics generator, microgrid

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Section: A Virtual Energy Storage System Using Iac and Pv Capacitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MPC-Based Virtual Energy Storage System Using PV and Air Conditioner to Emulate Virtual Inertia and Frequency Regulation of the Low-Inertia Microgrid

2022

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“…An alternative strategy consists of moving the operating point to the MPP recursively [23]. Once the MPP is directly measured through the general perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm, one variant of the P&O algorithm dedicated to direct control of PV power is used to set the operating point on the left part of the P-V curve, providing the required level of reserves.…”

Section: Methods Based On Direct Measurement Of the Mppmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Trends in the Control of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems for the Provision of Ancillary Services

2022

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The gradual displacement of conventional generation from the energy mix to give way to renewable energy sources represents a paradigm shift in the operation of future power systems: on the one hand, renewable technologies are, in general, volatile and difficult to predict; and on the other hand, they are usually connected to the grid through electronic power converters. This decoupling due to power converters means that renewable generators lack the natural response that conventional generation has to the imbalances between demand and generation that occur during the regular operation of power systems. Renewable generators must, therefore, provide a series of complementary services for the correct operation of power systems in addition to producing the necessary amount of energy. This paper presents an overview of existing methods in the literature that allow photovoltaic generators to participate in the provision of ancillary services, focusing on solutions based on power curtailment by modifying the traditional maximum power point tracking algorithm.

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“…Certain research suggests the implementation of virtual inertia without depending on BESS. This approach involves using a reduced generation margin for power reserves, offering a cost-effective alternative [8,9]. While most research has focused on the generation side of inertia, there is an emerging interest in demand-side approaches.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Grid Stability Using a Virtual Inertia-Integrated Railway Power Conditioner in Railway Power Supplies With High Renewable Energy Penetration

Phophongviwat,

Boonlert,

Hongesombut

2024

IEEE Access

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As electric power systems increasingly integrate Renewable Energy Sources (RESs), the consequent reduction in system inertia has heightened their sensitivity to disturbances, such as sudden load changes. This issue is especially relevant in railway power supply systems, which are evolving to be dominated by RESs. Traditional solutions, including Railway Power Conditioners (RPCs), primarily address unbalanced loads and reactive power compensation but offer limited frequency support. This paper introduces a Virtual Inertia-Integrated Railway Power Conditioner (VIIRPC), a novel solution that enhances traditional RPCs with Energy Storage Systems (ESS) to provide critical virtual inertia support, thereby addressing the critical gap in frequency stability amidst the evolving energy landscape of railway systems. Utilizing a current source-based model, the VIIRPC effectively extends inertia support from two-phase systems to balanced three-phase systems at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). This achievement is realized by dividing a virtual inertia signal and integrating it into both sides of the RPC control loop, while respecting each side's signal orientation. Simulations have been conducted to verify the operation under different loading conditions, including a 4-minute headway train schedule, under both conventional and low-inertia grid conditions. These results demonstrate that the VIIRPC outperforms traditional RPCs by enhancing frequency stability and maintaining conventional functionalities. This advancement is particularly significant for modern, RES-dominated railway power supplies, especially in remote areas with RES-based power sources and low short-circuit levels at the PCC. INDEX TERMSVirtual inertia control, railway power conditioners, unbalanced power systems, Scott transformers, renewable energy sources NOMENCLATURE A. ABBREVIATIONS arr. Arrive. AT Autotransformers. BI-phase Two-phase systems in PowerFactory. DD mode Autotransformer mode in PowerFactory. dep. * Apparent power conjugate. Te Electrical torque. Tm Mechanical torque. u * Voltage conjugate. Y load Load admittance. z Eii Self-earth impedance. z Eij Mutual earth impedance. z Gii Self-geometrical impedance. z Gij Mutual geometrical impedance. z ii Self-impedance. z ij Mutual impedance. z Lii Internal impedance. µ 0 Vacuum magnetic permeability. ω s The nominal angular speed. ∆f Frequency different. ∆P RPC RPC's transferring active power ∆P VI Virtual inertia power. ∆Q α,out Reactive power injection of the α phase. ∆Q β,out Reactive power injection at the β phase. ∆δ m Rotor angle difference. ∆ω m Angular speed difference. TEERAPHON PHOPHONGVIWAT was born in Kanchanaburi, Thailand. He received the B.Eng. and M.Eng. degrees in electrical engineering from the King Mongkut'

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Event-Triggering Virtual Inertia Control of PV Systems With Power Reserve

Cited by 31 publications

References 31 publications

MPC-Based Virtual Energy Storage System Using PV and Air Conditioner to Emulate Virtual Inertia and Frequency Regulation of the Low-Inertia Microgrid

MPC-Based Virtual Energy Storage System Using PV and Air Conditioner to Emulate Virtual Inertia and Frequency Regulation of the Low-Inertia Microgrid

New Trends in the Control of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems for the Provision of Ancillary Services

Enhancing Grid Stability Using a Virtual Inertia-Integrated Railway Power Conditioner in Railway Power Supplies With High Renewable Energy Penetration

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