Event-Related Potentials Elicited by Passive Movements in Humans: Characterization, Source Analysis, and Comparison to fMRI

Alary, Flamine; Doyon, Bernard; Loubinoux, Isabelle; Carel, Christophe; Boulanouar, Kader; Ranjeva, Jean‐Philippe; Celsis, Pierre; Chollet, François

doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0377

Cited by 63 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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Section: Role Of Volition In Motor Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The finding that passively elicited motions lead to activation and cortical reorganization in brain regions common to those activated with performance of voluntary movements suggested that it could also elicit improvements in motor function. 7,8 This proposal has important implications for the design of neurorehabilitative treatments after stroke, particularly in patients who are too weak to perform effective voluntary motor training.One recent study compared behavioral gains after short-term motor learning, changes in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation in the contralateral primary motor cortex (cM1) and in motor cortex excitability measured with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) after a 30 minute training period consisting of either voluntarily or passively induced wrist movements in 2 different sessions in healthy volunteers. 9 During active training, subjects were instructed to perform voluntary wrist flexion-extension movements of a specified duration in an articulated splint.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Volition and Imagery in Neurorehabilitation

Lotze

Cohen

2006

Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology

105

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New interventional approaches have been proposed in the last few years to treat the motor deficits resulting from brain lesions. Training protocols represent the gold-standard of these approaches. However, the degree of motor recovery experienced by most patients remains incomplete. It would be important to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying functional recovery. This chapter examines the role of two possible mechanisms that could operate to improve motor function in this setting: volition and motor imagery. It is argued that both represent possible strategies to enhance training effects.Key Words: motivation, attention, motor imagery, hemiparesis, rehabilitation, forced use, volition, stroke, motor system, motor cortex (Cog Behav Neurol 2006;19:135-140) M otor training protocols represent one of the fundamental bases of rehabilitative treatments after brain damage. Different strategies have been proposed to enhance training effects, including enhanced motivation, focused attention, motor imagery, progressive transfer of tasks towards the paretic limb, forced use, and integration of multimodal and emotional settings. The neural mechanisms underlying these strategies are poorly understood. In this review, we describe studies performed to better understand the influence of some of these factors on performance improvements and changes in intracortical excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms in humans undergoing training protocols. Focus is on the role of (a) volition in motor learning, (b) imagery in neurorehabilitation and motor control, and (c) neural substrates underlying performance of simple and complex movements after stroke. ROLE OF VOLITION IN MOTOR LEARNINGMotor training protocols in patients with brain lesions elicit well-described changes in brain organization and performance improvements. [1][2][3][4][5][6] One limitation of training protocols is that patients with more profound weakness are unable to carry out the motor routines required. The finding that passively elicited motions lead to activation and cortical reorganization in brain regions common to those activated with performance of voluntary movements suggested that it could also elicit improvements in motor function. 7,8 This proposal has important implications for the design of neurorehabilitative treatments after stroke, particularly in patients who are too weak to perform effective voluntary motor training.One recent study compared behavioral gains after short-term motor learning, changes in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation in the contralateral primary motor cortex (cM1) and in motor cortex excitability measured with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) after a 30 minute training period consisting of either voluntarily or passively induced wrist movements in 2 different sessions in healthy volunteers. 9 During active training, subjects were instructed to perform voluntary wrist flexion-extension movements of a specified duration in an articulated splint. Therefore, voluntary movements f...

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Section: Role Of Volition In Motor Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Volition and Imagery in Neurorehabilitation

Lotze

Cohen

2006

Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology

105

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“…Typically, flexion or extension of the fingers has been used to elicit the SEPs. The earliest responses occur between 35 and 60 ms, depending on the speed of the imposed displacement (Alary et al 1998;Mima et al 1996;Papakostopoulos et al 1974). Current source estimates show initial responses in primary and second somatosensory cortex (Alary et al 2002).…”

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confidence: 96%

Sensorimotor adaptation changes the neural coding of somatosensory stimuli

Nasir

Darainy

Ostry

2013

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Nasir SM, Darainy M, Ostry DJ. Sensorimotor adaptation changes the neural coding of somatosensory stimuli. J Neurophysiol 109: 2077-2085, 2013. First published January 23, 2013 doi:10.1152/jn.00719.2012.-Motor learning is reflected in changes to the brain's functional organization as a result of experience. We show here that these changes are not limited to motor areas of the brain and indeed that motor learning also changes sensory systems. We test for plasticity in sensory systems using somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs). A robotic device is used to elicit somatosensory inputs by displacing the arm in the direction of applied force during learning. We observe that following learning there are short latency changes to the response in somatosensory areas of the brain that are reliably correlated with the magnitude of motor learning: subjects who learn more show greater changes in SEP magnitude. The effects we observe are tied to motor learning. When the limb is displaced passively, such that subjects experience similar movements but without experiencing learning, no changes in the evoked response are observed. Sensorimotor adaptation thus alters the neural coding of somatosensory stimuli. motor learning; somatosensory evoked potential; reaching movement IS THE NEUROPLASTICITY THAT is associated with motor learning limited to motor areas of the brain, or do the effects of learning extend into nonmotor areas and notably into sensory systems? It is known that there are substantial anatomical interconnections linking the brain's motor and somatosensory regions. Cortical motor areas receive direct inputs from primary (Darian-Smith et al. 1993;Jones et al. 1978) and second somatosensory cortex (Cipolloni and Pandya 1999;Krubitzer and Kaas 1990) and from parietal areas 5 and 7 (Ghosh and Gattera 1995;Petrides and Pandya 1984). Somatosensory areas get direct cortical inputs from primary motor cortex (Darian-Smith et al. 1993;Jones et al. 1978;Krubitzer and Kaas 1990), premotor cortex (Cipolloni and Pandya 1999), and from supplementary motor area (Cipolloni and Pandya 1999;Jones et al. 1978). A change in somatosensory function in association with motor learning would seem to be a natural by-product of this anatomical connectivity. However, apart from behavioral studies (Cressman and Henriques 2009;Haith et al. 2008;Ostry et al. 2010;Wong et al. 2011) and a recent analysis of changes to resting-state networks in association with motor learning (Vahdat et al. 2011), there is little direct evidence that motor learning produces changes in sensory systems. Here we show that motor learning indeed alters the response of somatosensory areas of the brain. The changes we observe are substantially linked to motor learning in the sense that they vary in magnitude with motor learning, and they are not obtained when subjects passively experience the same movement kinematics, but do not experience learning.We studied motor learning using a force-field adaptation paradigm (Shadmehr and Mussa-Ivaldi 1994) in which subjects had to re...

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“…The somatosensory stimulation was obtained by passive execution of an extension (amplitude 30°, frequency 0.5 Hz) of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the right index finger. [7][8][9][10] An automatic device was used to ensure the reproducibility and synchronization of the task (Spacelabs, Issaquah, WA). 7 The distal part of the finger was immobilized by an individual cap, which could effectively abolish the pressure or tactile sense caused by the passive movement.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[7][8][9][10] An automatic device was used to ensure the reproducibility and synchronization of the task (Spacelabs, Issaquah, WA). 7 The distal part of the finger was immobilized by an individual cap, which could effectively abolish the pressure or tactile sense caused by the passive movement. 9 Other fingers of the right hand were fixed to the device.…”

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confidence: 99%

Wakefulness and Loss of Awareness: Brain and Brainstem Interaction in the Vegetative State

Machado¹,

Estévez²,

Redriguez³

et al. 2010

Neurology

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Objective:The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) modulates circadian wakefulness, which is preserved in a persistent vegetative state (PVS). Its metabolism is preserved. Impairment of metabolism in the polymodal associative cortices (i.e., precuneus) is characteristic of PVS where awareness is abolished. Because the interaction of these 2 structures allows conscious sensory perception, our hypothesis was that an impaired functional connectivity between them participates in the loss of conscious perception. Methods:15 O-radiolabeled water PET measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was performed at rest and during a proprioceptive stimulation. Ten patients in PVS and 10 controls were compared in a cross-sectional study. The functional connectivity from the primary sensorimotor cortex (S1M1) and the ARAS in both groups was also investigated. Results:Compared with controls, patients showed significantly less rCBF in posterior medial cortices (precuneus) and higher rCBF in ARAS at rest. During stimulation, bilateral Brodmann area 40 was less activated and not functionally correlated to S1M1 in PVS as it was in controls. Precuneus showed a lesser degree of deactivation in patients. Finally, ARAS whose activity was functionally correlated to that of the precuneus in controls was not in PVS. Conclusions:Global neuronal workspace theory predicts that damage to long-distance white matter tracts should impair access to conscious perception. During persistent vegetative state, we identified a hypermetabolism in the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) and impaired functional connectivity between the ARAS and the precuneus. This result emphasizes the functional link between cortices and brainstem in the genesis of perceptual awareness and strengthens the hypothesis that consciousness is based on a widespread neural network. Neurology® 2010;74:313-320 GLOSSARY ARAS ϭ ascending reticular activating system; BA ϭ Brodmann area; DMN ϭ default-mode network; FWE ϭ family-wise error; IPL ϭ inferior parietal lobule; PVS ϭ persistent vegetative state; rCBF ϭ regional cerebral blood flow; S1M1 ϭ primary sensorimotor cortex; SVC ϭ small volume correction.Persistent vegetative state (PVS) describes a unique disorder in which patients who emerge from coma seem to be awake but show no signs of awareness. The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) is located at a critical juncture in the inflow of sensory information, and its activity modulates circadian wakefulness. No abnormality has been reported in the ARAS in PVS so far. 1 According to some authors, activity in the precuneus is a sign of self-referential processing during which stimulus-independent thought could participate in the emergence of perceptual awareness. Its metabolism is impaired in PVS.2 In healthy subjects, effects of each structure on each other (precuneus and ARAS) exist in the basal state, are opposite, and are thought to predict whether a somatosensory stimulus will be consciously perceived. 3 We found it appropriate to ev...

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Event-Related Potentials Elicited by Passive Movements in Humans: Characterization, Source Analysis, and Comparison to fMRI

Cited by 63 publications

References 30 publications

Volition and Imagery in Neurorehabilitation

Volition and Imagery in Neurorehabilitation

Sensorimotor adaptation changes the neural coding of somatosensory stimuli

Wakefulness and Loss of Awareness: Brain and Brainstem Interaction in the Vegetative State

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