Event-related potential evidence for multiple causes of the revelation effect

Revelation effect in metamemory

“…Instead, the results are more consistent with Niewiadomski and Hockley's (2001) criterion flux account; because of the limited capacity of working memory, conceptualized as involving the processing of all current cognitive tasks at hand (e.g., Engle, 2001), the revelation task disrupts the recognition process. However, more recently, Verde and Rotello (2004) have shown that shifts in d a in recognition are seen only when the revelation task involves the to-be-recalled items themselves; when the revelation task involves other items, there is no shift (see also Leynes, Landau, Walker, & Addante, 2005). Indeed, in Experiment 2 of the present study, the participants solved anagrams of the cues, which were not the to-be-remembered items.…”

The Revelation Effect Occurs Whether or Not Working Memory Is Occupied

“…After Westerman and Greene (1996) showed the indirect effect, many researchers confirmed the effect using various cognitive tasks: letter-counting tasks, memory span tests, synonym-generation tasks (Westerman & Greene, 1998), tasks of determining attractiveness ratings for inverted faces (Bornstein & Wilson, 2004), articulatory suppression tasks (Miura & Itoh, 2016), tasks of pressing arrow keys (Aßfalg, Currie, & Bernstein, 2017), revealed tasks (Bornstein & Neely, 2001;Westerman & Greene, 1998), numerical addition tasks (Leynes, Landau, Walker, & Addante, 2005;, and anagram tasks (Aßfalg, Currie et al, 2017;Aßfalg & Nadarevic, 2015;Azimian-Faridani & Wilding, 2004;Bernstein, Rudd, Erdfelder, Godfrey, & Loftus, 2009;Bernstein, Whittlesea, & Loftus, 2002;Cameron & Hockley, 2000;Kronlund & Bernstein, 2006;Major & Hockley, 2007;Miura & Itoh, 2016;Verde & Rotello, 2003Westerman, 2000;Westerman, Miller, & Lloyd, 2017;Young, Peynircioğlu, & Hohman, 2009). While it has been shown that various cognitive tasks cause the revelation effect, few studies have found tasks that do not cause the effect.…”

The revelation effect: Moderating influences of encoding conditions and type of recognition test

“…Two of the questions emphasized word sound, The criterion-shift accounts do so indirectly. In terms of the dual-process account, criterion-mediated decisions are assumed to be relevant only for familiarity-based responding (Azimian-Faridani & Wilding, 2004;Leynes et al, 2005;Yonelinas, 2002). Despite differences between the accounts, all of these accounts imply that revelation influences familiarity-based memory decisions but not recollection (Azimian-Faridani & Wilding, 2004;Cameron & Hockley, 2000).…”

“…These accounts are of several different types. First, some of the accounts argue that revelation influences familiarity values directly, enhancing the perceived familiarity of both new and old items (e.g., Leynes et al, 2005;Luo, 1993;Westerman & Greene, 1998). A related account argues that revelation affects the evaluation and attribution of familiarity (e.g., Bernstein et al, 2002).…”