Event-Based Distributed Secondary Control for AC Islanded Microgrid With Semi-Markov Switched Topology Under Cyber-Attacks

Abstract

The operation of a microgrid (MG) is easily affected by the environment, which leads to the change of communication topology among distributed generations (DGs). Most of the existing results on secondary control of MG consider that the topology connection is fixed, or just simply switched by arbitrary form. In this article, a more general semi-Markov process is introduced to describe such switching, i.e., the switching of communication topology is regarded as a random change process of system mode under general probability distribution. Then, out of the comprehensive consideration of inevitable network constraints, this article proposes distributed resilient secondary control method for AC islanded MG. In our control strategy, the network security, communication burden, and transmission delay are all considered in the controller design. An event detection mechanism is used as the transmission protocol for information interaction among DGs, reducing the communication burden effectively. And a cyber-attack model is introduced to follow the Bernoulli distribution, and the neighbors' information of each DG may be attacked with possible probability. Based on feedback linearization, the studied secondary control problem is cast into distributed tracking synchronization of first-order multiagent systems. The Lyapunov functional method is used to prove the proposed strategy theoretically, and its effectiveness is verified by a modified IEEE 34 bus test system. The result shows that the proposed method can reduce the communication numbers by over 80% under the premise of realizing frequency restoration and accurate real power sharing of AC islanded MG, and the transmission rate is also reduced by about 40% compared with the existing general method.

Design and Implementation of an Energy Management System with Event-Triggered Distributed Secondary Control in DC Microgrids

“…Event-triggered control has recently become widely used in microgrid control, reducing the data load on the communication network and enhancing microgrid security [59]. In this method, data transfer occurs based on a criterion rather than periodic data transfer [60].…”

Reliable quantized sampled‐data LFC for semi‐Markov jump interconnected multi‐area power systems: Dealing with incomplete TRs

“…In the fact of this, the semi‐MJSs has made further development for the modeling of the abrupt changes in IMAPSs. A semi‐Markov process was introduced to describe the switching of secondary control of microgrid power systems in Reference 18, while 19 adopted the semi‐Markov process for the modeling of the dynamic jump behaviors in IMAPSs. For semi‐MJSs, transition rates (TRs) play a pivotal role in performance analysis and controller synthesis, and most existing researches assume that TRs are known constants.…”

“…More specifically, the main features and contributions of this article relative to the existing developments can be briefly categorized into follows: The switching phenomenon of IMAPSs is modeled by semi‐Markov jump process, which is more general than the work 9 . In contrast to Shen et al 18 and Xie et al, 19 the situation that incomplete TRs of semi‐Markov jump process is considered, which can more accurately reflect the real operation of the semi‐Markov jump IMAPSs. In terms of the IMAPSs, we have addressed a more general problem compared with the works of Kazemy and Hajatipour 9 and Xie et al 19 On the one hand, the quantized sampling mechanism is planned to significantly decrease the network traffic and effectively save communication bandwidth. On the other hand, in order to be more in line with actual operation of the semi‐Markov jump IMAPSs, mode‐dependent stochastic actuator failures have also been taken into consideration. In the construction of Lyapunov functional, a two‐sided looped functional, which captures more available system state information and further removes the constraint on the positive definiteness of some Lyapunov matrices, is constructed to enlarge the feasible space and strengthen the flexibility of the control methodology.…”

Dynamic event‐triggered asynchronous security load frequency control for semi‐Markov jump multi‐area power systems against deception attacks

“…Therefore, the semi‐MJSs are further advanced to the modeling of IMAPSs. A general semi‐Markov process was applied to describe the switching of secondary control of microgrid power systems in Reference 18. The semi‐Markov process was adopted to model the dynamic jump behavior of IMAPSs and achieved excellent control performance in Reference 19.…”

“…More specifically, the main features and contributions of this article relative to the existing developments can be briefly categorized into follows: The switching phenomenon of the IMAPSs is portrayed by a semi‐Markov process, which is a more comprehensive approach compared to the previous work 14 . Essentially different from the existing approaches in References 18 and 19, the situation of partially unknown TRs is skillfully taken into consideration, which allows for a more accurate reflection of real‐world scenarios. Taking into account the phenomenon of modes mismatch between the semi‐Markov jump IMAPSs and the controller caused by uncontrollable factors, the HMM is borrowed to portray the asynchronous security control strategy, which markedly enhances the practicality and applicability of our research. The DET mechanism is introduced for the semi‐Markov jump IMAPSs, which significantly reduces the control cost and saves the limited communication bandwidth while hardly affects the control effect. More specially, each area is equipped with a separate DET condition, which can trigger independently from each other. …”