Evening-type military veterans report worse lifetime posttraumatic stress symptoms and greater brainstem activity across wakefulness and REM sleep

Hasler, Brant P.; Insana, Salvatore; James, Jeffrey A.; Germain, Anne

doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.06.007

Cited by 40 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…These results contrast with previous studies showing that eveningness is associated with better sleep quality during the night shift (Hilliker et al, 1992;Juda et al, 2013b;Smith et al, 2005). The fact that E-types had poorer sleep in both night and day conditions supports several studies that have reported more sleep problems in E-types in other populations (Alvaro et al, 2014;Giannotti et al, 2002;Hasler et al, 2013;Lucassen et al, 2013;Martin et al, 2012;Merikanto et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 83%

Day and night shift schedules are associated with lower sleep quality in Evening-types

Martin

Laberge

Sasseville

et al. 2015

Chronobiology International

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Eveningness has been suggested as a facilitating factor in adaptation to shift work, with several studies reporting evening chronotypes (E-types) as better sleepers when on night shifts. Conversely, eveningness has been associated with more sleep complaints during day shifts. However, sleep during day shifts has received limited attention in previous studies assessing chronotypes in shift workers. Environmental light exposure has also been reported to differ between chronotypes in day workers. Activity is also known to provide temporal input to the circadian clock. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare objective sleep, light exposure and activity levels between chronotypes, both during the night and day shifts. Thirty-nine patrol police patrol officers working on a fast rotating shift schedule (mean age ± SD: 28.9 ± 3.2 yrs; 28 males) participated in this study. All subjects completed the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). Sleep and activity were monitored with actigraphy (Actiwatch-L; Mini-Mitter/Respironics, Bend, OR) for four consecutive night shifts and four consecutive day shifts (night work schedule: 00:00 h-07:00 h; day work schedule: 07:00 h-15:00 h). Sleep and activity parameters were calculated with Actiware software. MEQ scores ranged from 26 to 56; no subject was categorized as Morning-type. E-types (n = 13) showed significantly lower sleep efficiency, longer snooze time and spent more time awake after sleep onset than Intermediate-types (I-types, n = 26) for both the night and day shifts. E-types also exhibited shorter and more numerous sleep bouts. Furthermore, when napping was taken into account, E-types had shorter total sleep duration than I-types during the day shifts. E-types were more active during the first hours of their night shift when compared to I-types. Also, all participants spent more time active and had higher amount of activity per minute during day shifts when compared to night shifts. No difference was found regarding light exposure between chronotypes. In conclusion, sleep parameters revealed poorer sleep quality in E-types for both the night and day shifts. These differences could not be explained by sleep opportunity, light exposure or activity levels. This study challenges the notion that E-types adapt better to night shifts. Further studies must verify whether E-types exhibit lower sleep quality than Morning-types.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 83%

Day and night shift schedules are associated with lower sleep quality in Evening-types

Martin

Laberge

Sasseville

et al. 2015

Chronobiology International

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“…We hypothesized that, if the developmental decrease in REM sleep does not occur or is reduced, lifelong increases in vigilance and REM sleep drive would ensue (Garcia-Rill et al 2003). More recently, hypervigilance and REM sleep drive abnormalities have been confirmed in PTSD, nightmare disorder, ADHD, personality disorder, insomnia, depression, and Parkinson’s disease (PD) (Hasler et al 2013; Kirov et al 2012; Manni et al 2011; Pillai et al 2011; Rieman et al 2012; Schredl et al 2012; Simor et al 2013). …”

Section: Three Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gamma band activity in the RAS-intracellular mechanisms

et al. 2013

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Gamma band activity participates in sensory perception, problem solving, and memory. This review considers recent evidence showing that cells in the reticular activating system (RAS) exhibit gamma band activity, and describes the intrinsic membrane properties behind such manifestation. Specifically, we discuss how cells in the mesopontine pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), intralaminar parafascicular nucleus (Pf), and pontine Subcoeruleus nucleus dorsalis (SubCD) all fire in the gamma band range when maximally activated, but no higher. The mechanisms involve high threshold, voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channels or sodium-dependent subthreshold oscillations. Rather than participating in the temporal binding of sensory events as in the cortex, gamma band activity in the RAS may participate in the processes of preconscious awareness, and provide the essential stream of information for the formulation of many of our actions. We address three necessary next steps resulting from these discoveries, an intracellular mechanism responsible for maintaining gamma band activity based on persistent G-protein activation, separate intracellular pathways that differentiate between gamma band activity during waking vs during REM sleep, and an intracellular mechanism responsible for the dysregulation in gamma band activity in schizophrenia. These findings open several promising research avenues that have not been thoroughly explored. What are the effects of sleep or REM sleep deprivation on these RAS mechanisms? Are these mechanisms involved in memory processing during waking and/or during REM sleep? Does gamma band processing differ during waking vs REM sleep after sleep or REM sleep deprivation?

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“…The lack of association with changes in negative affect is consistent with previous data and hypotheses that morningness-eveningness’s relationship to depression is via appetitive motivation and reward pathways rather than the neural pathways associated with negative affect and behavioral inhibition (Hasler, et al, 2010; Hasler, et al, 2012). Recent neuroimaging findings support altered function in the reward circuit of evening-types ((Hasler, Sitnick, Shaw, & Forbes, 2013), including evening-types diagnosed with insomnia ((Hasler, et al, 2012), although these neural differences may extend beyond the reward circuit to other regions relevant to sleep, arousal, and affect regulation (Hasler, Insana, James, & Germain, 2013; Rosenberg, Maximov, Reske, Grinberg, & Shah, 2014)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shifts Toward Morningness During Behavioral Sleep Interventions Are Associated With Improvements in Depression, Positive Affect, and Sleep Quality

Hasler

Buysse

Germain

2015

Behavioral Sleep Medicine

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Morningness-eveningness (M-E) is typically considered to be a trait-like construct. However, M-E could plausibly shift in concert with changes in circadian and/or homeostatic processes. We examined M-E changes across three studies employing behavioral or pharmacological sleep treatments. Baseline/post-treatment M-E scores were strongly correlated across all three samples. M-E showed small, but systematic changes towards morningness in sleep-disturbed military veterans receiving behavioral interventions. No systematic M-E changes were observed in the two pharmacological studies (sleep-disturbed military veterans and adults with primary insomnia, respectively). In the behavioral study, M-E changes correlated with changes in depression, positive affect, and sleep quality. M-E changes also correlated with changes in positive affect in the adult insomnia group. M-E appears to exhibit state-like aspects in addition to trait-like aspects.

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Evening-type military veterans report worse lifetime posttraumatic stress symptoms and greater brainstem activity across wakefulness and REM sleep

Cited by 40 publications

References 56 publications

Day and night shift schedules are associated with lower sleep quality in Evening-types

Day and night shift schedules are associated with lower sleep quality in Evening-types

Gamma band activity in the RAS-intracellular mechanisms

Shifts Toward Morningness During Behavioral Sleep Interventions Are Associated With Improvements in Depression, Positive Affect, and Sleep Quality

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