Evening Primrose and Rapeseed Yield Components and Grain Oil Concentrations Were Differentially Modulated by the N, P, and K Supplies in a Mediterranean Area

Abstract

Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) is an industrial crop-producing seed with high oil concentration characterized by high gamma-linoleic acid. However, limited information is available on its response to the nutrient supply, especially P and K. The aim of this work was to compare the response of Evening Primrose to the application of N, P, and K alone or in combination in a P and K deficient soil in terms of grain yield, yield components, and oil composition in comparison to Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Evening Primrose yielded 54.4% less seed and 67.3% less oil than Rapeseed. Such differences were reduced when nutrients, especially N or P, were applied. N stimulated Evening Primrose more than Rapeseed. Application of K favored Evening Primrose oil yield when no N or P were added, and this especially occurred by an enhancement of the pod number. P favored yield per pod and oil yield in the Evening Primrose more than Rapeseed in almost all conditions. Fertilization scarcely affected lipid composition. In particular, an increase in the oleic acid concentration was found only when N + K or N + P + K were applied compared to the sole N or sole K applications. These results suggest that P and K differentially influenced yield components of both species and that Evening Primrose was less adapted than Rapeseed to a scarce nutrient supply.

Evening primrose oil: a comprehensive review of its bioactives, extraction, analysis, oil quality, therapeutic merits, and safety

“…43 For superior extraction yields, high-temperature solvent extraction is often used. Mechanically ground seeds can be refluxed with n-hexane at 50-60 °C in a Soxhlet apparatus for 6 h following the AOCS (American Oil Chemists' Society) method 44 up to 3 h (IUPAC method 1.122), 9 though with some deterioration in oil quality compared with the cold pressing process, resulting in the least modification to native oils 9 (Fig. 3).…”

Response of Evening Primrose (Oenothera genus) to Induced Mutations by Gamma Irradiation

“…Additionally, seed extract involves polyphenols that inhibit αglucosidase activity thus EP controls levels of blood glucose, also it has various fatty acids including; linoleic, oleic, γ-stearic and linolenic acid (Asghari, 2019). Furthermore, evening primrose oil (EPO) is used to soften the skin, facial scrubs, combined with vitamin E to prevent oxidation and the oil is applied to cosmetic preparations as EPO is an important source of sterols, polyphenol as well as fatty acids; cis-linoliec (about 70%) and cis-gamma linolenic acids (about 9%) as described by Liu et al (2003) and Sany et al (2021). Unsaturated fatty acid; γ-linolenic acid (GLA) is required for its nutritional and pharmaceutical application (Ghatas and Mohamed, 2020).…”