Even an activated long-term memory system still needs a separate short-term store: A reply to Cowan (2019).

Norris, Dennis

doi:10.1037/bul0000204

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Attention and working memory are so tightly intertwined that some have even argued against a short-term memory storage system that exists separately from attention and long-term memory, suggesting that what we call working memory is actually a combination of attentional selection, rehearsal, and consolidation/off-loading to activated long term memory (56,58,59). Many others assert that attention cannot sufficiently explain all working memory phenomena observed and a separate system is needed for working memory, but still acknowledge the role of attention in controlling the processes of working memory (60,61). In the current study, we examined the effects of schizophrenia on attentional control during working memory maintenance by investigating CAS, a robust and objective neurophysiological marker of the focus of attention.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced Dorsal Visual Oscillatory Activity During Working Memory Maintenance in the First-Episode Schizophrenia Spectrum

et al. 2020

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Cognitive deficits in people with schizophrenia are among the hardest to treat and strongly predict functional outcome. The ability to maintain sensory precepts in memory over a short delay is impacted early in the progression of schizophrenia and has been linked to reliable neurophysiological markers. Yet, little is known about the mechanisms of these deficits. Here, we investigated possible neurophysiological mechanisms of impaired visual short-term memory (vSTM, aka working memory maintenance) in the first-episode schizophrenia spectrum (FESz) using magnetoencephalography (MEG). Twenty-eight FESz and 25 matched controls performed a lateralized change detection task where they were cued to selectively attend and remember colors of circles presented in either the left or right peripheral visual field over a 1 s delay. Contralateral alpha suppression (CAS) during the delay period was used to assess selective attention to cued visual hemifields held in vSTM. Delay-period CAS was compared between FESz and controls and between trials presenting one vs three items per visual hemifield. CAS in dorsal visual cortex was reduced in FESz compared to controls in high-load trials, but not low-load trials. Group differences in CAS were found beginning 100 ms after the disappearance of the memory set, suggesting deficits were not due to the initial deployment of attention to the cued visual hemifield prior to stimulus presentation. CAS was not greater for high-load vs lowload trials in FESz subjects, although this effect was prominent in controls. Further, lateralized gamma (34-40 Hz) power emerged in dorsal visual cortex prior to the onset of CAS in controls but not FESz. Gamma power in this cluster differed between groups at both high and low load. CAS deficits observed in FESz were correlated with change detection accuracy, working memory function, estimated IQ, and negative symptoms. Our results implicate deficits in CAS in trials requiring broad, but not narrow, focus of attention to spatially distributed objects maintained in vSTM in FESz, possibly due to reduced ability to broadly distribute visuospatial attention (alpha) or disruption of

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced Dorsal Visual Oscillatory Activity During Working Memory Maintenance in the First-Episode Schizophrenia Spectrum

et al. 2020

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“…The key issue in the ongoing debate on the multicomponent model of memory versus the view of working memory as activated long-term memory, is the need of a separate and independent short-term memory store (Baddeley et al 2019 ; Cowan 2019 ; Norris 2017 , 2019 ; Oberauer 2009 ; Shallice and Papagno 2019 ). According to the multicomponent model, a separate store and mechanism is needed to construct new representations and actively maintain relational information (Norris 2017 , 2019 ). The theory of activated long-term memory states that this can be achieved by rapid new learning, in which new associations can be formed as new long-term memory trace.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The key distinction between the multicomponent view of memory and the activated long-term memory view is the need for a separate copy of information, or a set of temporary pointers to relevant long-term memory, in a distinct working memory store (D’Esposito and Postle 2015 ; Baddeley et al 2019 ; Cowan 2019 ; Norris 2017 , 2019 ; Oberauer 2009 ; Shallice and Papagno 2019 ). As working memory and episodic memory are predominantly studied in isolation, it is unclear whether they crucially rely on different neural substrates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are visual working memory and episodic memory distinct processes? Insight from stroke patients by lesion-symptom mapping

et al. 2021

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Working memory and episodic memory are two different processes, although the nature of their interrelationship is debated. As these processes are predominantly studied in isolation, it is unclear whether they crucially rely on different neural substrates. To obtain more insight in this, 81 adults with sub-acute ischemic stroke and 29 elderly controls were assessed on a visual working memory task, followed by a surprise subsequent memory test for the same stimuli. Multivariate, atlas- and track-based lesion-symptom mapping (LSM) analyses were performed to identify anatomical correlates of visual memory. Behavioral results gave moderate evidence for independence between discriminability in working memory and subsequent memory, and strong evidence for a correlation in response bias on the two tasks in stroke patients. LSM analyses suggested there might be independent regions associated with working memory and episodic memory. Lesions in the right arcuate fasciculus were more strongly associated with discriminability in working memory than in subsequent memory, while lesions in the frontal operculum in the right hemisphere were more strongly associated with criterion setting in subsequent memory. These findings support the view that some processes involved in working memory and episodic memory rely on separate mechanisms, while acknowledging that there might also be shared processes.

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“…The key issue in the ongoing debate on the multicomponent model of memory versus the view of working memory as activated long-term memory, is the need of a separate and independent short-term memory (Norris 2017(Norris , 2019. The theory of activated long-term memory states that this can be achieved by rapid new learning, in which new associations can be formed as new long-term memory trace.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The key distinction between the multicomponent view of memory and the activated long-term memory view is the need for a separate copy of information, or a set of temporary pointers to relevant long-term memory, in a distinct working memory store (D'Esposito and Postle 2015; Baddeley et al 2019;Cowan 2019;Norris 2017;Norris 2019;Oberauer 2009; Shallice and Papagno 2019). As working memory and episodic memory are predominantly studied in isolation, it is unclear whether they crucially rely on different neural substrates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are visual working memory and episodic memory distinct processes? Insight from stroke patients by lesion-symptom mapping.

Lugtmeijer¹,

Geerligs

Leeuw³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Working memory and episodic memory are two different processes, although the nature of their interrelationship is debated. As these processes are predominantly studied in isolation, it is unclear whether they crucially rely on different neural substrates. To obtain more insight in this, eighty-one adults with sub-acute ischemic stroke and twenty-nine elderly controls were assessed on a visual working memory task, followed by a surprise subsequent memory test for the same stimuli. Multivariate, atlas- and track-based lesion-symptom mapping (LSM) analyses were performed to identify anatomical correlates of visual memory. Behavioral results gave moderate evidence for independence between discriminability in working memory and subsequent memory, and strong evidence for a correlation in response bias on the two tasks in stroke patients. LSM analyses suggested there might be independent regions associated with working memory and episodic memory. Lesions in the right arcuate fasciculus were more strongly associated with discriminability in working memory than in subsequent memory, while lesions in the frontal operculum in the right hemisphere were more strongly associated with criterion setting in subsequent memory. These findings support the view that some processes involved in working memory and episodic memory rely on separate mechanisms, while acknowledging that there might also be shared processes.

show abstract

Even an activated long-term memory system still needs a separate short-term store: A reply to Cowan (2019).

Cited by 17 publications

References 44 publications

Reduced Dorsal Visual Oscillatory Activity During Working Memory Maintenance in the First-Episode Schizophrenia Spectrum

Reduced Dorsal Visual Oscillatory Activity During Working Memory Maintenance in the First-Episode Schizophrenia Spectrum

Are visual working memory and episodic memory distinct processes? Insight from stroke patients by lesion-symptom mapping

Are visual working memory and episodic memory distinct processes? Insight from stroke patients by lesion-symptom mapping.

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