Evapotranspiration from Nonuniform Surfaces: A First Approach for Short-Term Numerical Weather Prediction

Wetzel, Peter J.; Chang, J. L.

doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1988)116<0600:efnsaf>2.0.co;2

Cited by 155 publications

(88 citation statements)

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“…In addition, the ground is dry, and this results in intense sensible heat flow. In winter, though, when the ground is wet, or during the transitional months when the ground is covered with vegetation, a distinct part of the insolation is converted into latent heat flow, due to evaporation or evapotranspiration (Wezel and Chang, 1988), instead of sensible heat flow. This results in the development of a shallow boundary layer, which protects the surface inversion formed during the night and does not allow it to disperse early in the morning; it can even survive throughout the whole day.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal variation of the temperature inversions over Athens, Greece

Kassomenos

Koletsis

2005

Int. J. Climatol.

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This study examines the frequency of appearance and the characteristics of temperature inversions over Athens, up to the pressure level of 500 hPa, for the time period 1974-2001 on a seasonal basis. The analysis is carried out separately for daytime and nocturnal inversions. Moreover, the study includes a brief reference to the synoptic conditions that favour the formation of inversions for each season. The results of the analysis show that nocturnal surface inversions appear with great frequency during all seasons and that the majority of the rest of the inversions appear in winter, in the region between the 800 and 900 hPa pressure levels.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal variation of the temperature inversions over Athens, Greece

Kassomenos

Koletsis

2005

Int. J. Climatol.

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“…A sensitivity test simulation that did not limit LAI (standard configuration) is described in Shaw (1995). An antecedent precipitation index (API) was used to initialize the soil moisture for the control simulation (Wetzel and Chang 1988). An API value was calculated for each reporting station from a 3-month series of 24-h precipitation data and included a parameterization of bulk evaporation/transpiration.…”

Section: Initializationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of a Great Plains Dryline

1997

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A three-dimensional, nonhydrostatic, nested grid version of the Colorado State University Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) was used to perform simulations of an actual dryline that was observed as part of the COPS-91 field experiment on 15 May 1991. A control run designed to reproduce the observed conditions as accurately as possible was generated and verified against standard National Weather Service observations, PAM-II observations, M-CLASS soundings, and vertical cross-sectional analyses obtained from the NOAA P-3 aircraft. A representative heterogeneous soil moisture field for use in the control simulation was generated using an antecedent precipitation index (API). Representative vegetation coverage based on the USGS normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) dataset was input into the model. An additional simulation using a homogeneous soil moisture field is compared to the control run.Results of study indicate that the use of realistic heterogeneous soil moisture and vegetation may be extremely important for accurate prediction of dryline formation and morphology. The effect of variable soil moisture appears to be first order, with large impacts on the strength of the thermal and moisture gradients along the dryline, as well as its position, structure, and movement.

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“…Thus in the measurement and description of land-surface-atmosphere interactions and related hydrologic phenomena, it is essential to take account of this variability. Because it is difficult to incorporate subresolution scale variability explicitly, the variability structure of the surface is one of the main considerations beside economy in designing land-surface-atmosphere interaction models and appropriate measurement strategies [e.g., Avissat and Pielke, 1989; Eagleson, 1994;Wetzel and Chang, 1988 Most available theories and practical formulations describing transport processes between the land surface and the atmosphere require some kind of homogeneity of the surface boundary conditions [e.g., Brutsaert, 1998]. Homogeneity or spatial stationarity, in the statistical sense, is scale dependent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aspects of soil moisture variability in the Washita '92 study region

Cosh¹,

Brutsaert²

1999

J. Geophys. Res.

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Abstract. The Washita '92 experiment, which took place in the Little Washita River watershed in Oklahoma, generated maps describing the volumetric surface soil moisture field during an 8-day drying period. The Little Washita is part of the Red River basin, a major tributary of the Lower Mississippi. A semivariogram analysis revealed that the surface soil moisture field of this 18 km x 25 km study region as a whole was spatially nonstationary and exhibited certain fractal characteristics. However, for smaller subareas within the study region, it was determined that the moisture field could be considered stationary for distances smaller than 5 km, with ranges of approximately i km over which surface soil moisture was spatially correlated. A semivariogram analysis for each of the individual soil types over the entire Washita '92 region revealed that surface soil moisture was stationary within each soil type, again with a range of correlation of approximately i kin. This indicates that soil moisture variability is strongly affected by soil type.

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Evapotranspiration from Nonuniform Surfaces: A First Approach for Short-Term Numerical Weather Prediction

Cited by 155 publications

References 0 publications

Seasonal variation of the temperature inversions over Athens, Greece

Seasonal variation of the temperature inversions over Athens, Greece

A Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of a Great Plains Dryline

Aspects of soil moisture variability in the Washita '92 study region

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