Evaporation Over A Heterogeneous Land Surface

Mengelkamp, Heinz-Theo; Beyrich, Frank; Heinemann, Günther; Ament, Felix; Bange, Jens; Berger, F. H.; Bösenberg, Jens; Foken, Thomas; Hennemuth, Barbara; Heret, C.; Huneke, Sven; Johnsen, K.-P.; Kerschgens, M.; Kohsiek, W.; Leps, Jens-Peter; Liebethal, Claudia; Lohse, H.; Mauder, Matthias; Meijninger, W.M.L.; Raasch, Siegfried; Simmer, Clemens; Spiess, T.; Tittebrand, A.; Uhlenbrock, Jörg; Zittel, R.

doi:10.1175/bams-87-6-775

Cited by 51 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…-The application of the Jarvis-type big leaf approach in the land-surface scheme leads to a systematic overestimation of the latent heat fluxes, a common feature of mesoscale numerical models using this approach (e.g. Maurer and Heinemann 2006;Mengelkamp et al 2006). -By replacing the Jarvis-type scheme by a photosynthesis-based scheme for stomatal conductance, latent heat fluxes are simulated more realistically, particularly during spring time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Shao et al (2001) used the model to estimate surface energy and momentum fluxes over heterogeneous orography, while Heinemann and Kerschgens (2005) compared different methods to compute the area-averaged surface energy fluxes in the context of the EVA-GRIPS Project (cf. Mengelkamp et al 2006). Hübener et al (2005) investigated evapotranspiration in a semi-arid environment, while Sogalla et al (2006) studied rainfall and land-surface interactions.…”

Section: The Meteorological Mesoscale Model Foot3dkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In their study, maximum fluxes of sensible heat H and to a lesser extent minimum fluxes of latent heat LE were observed over sparse vegetation, while LE is naturally large over green vegetation. In previous years, many efforts have been made to accurately simulate these surface fluxes using numerical models (Shao et al 2001;Heinemann and Kerschgens 2005;Mengelkamp et al 2006;Beyrich and Mengelkamp 2006). The majority of meteorological models use a land-surface scheme proposed by Jarvis (1976), in which the parametrized transpiration of the plants only depends on meteorological variables (such as temperature, humidity and incident radiation).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Simulation of the Opposing Fluxes of Latent Heat and CO2 over Various Land-Use Types: Coupling a Gas Exchange Model to a Mesoscale Atmospheric Model

Reyers

Krüger

Werner³

et al. 2010

Boundary-Layer Meteorol

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A mesoscale meteorological model (FOOT3DK) is coupled with a gas exchange model to simulate surface fluxes of CO 2 and H 2 O under field conditions. The gas exchange model consists of a C3 single leaf photosynthesis sub-model and an extended big leaf (sun/shade) sub-model that divides the canopy into sunlit and shaded fractions. Simulated CO 2 fluxes of the stand-alone version of the gas exchange model correspond well to eddycovariance measurements at a test site in a rural area in the west of Germany. The coupled FOOT3DK/gas exchange model is validated for the diurnal cycle at singular grid points, and delivers realistic fluxes with respect to their order of magnitude and to the general daily course. Compared to the Jarvis-based big leaf scheme, simulations of latent heat fluxes with a photosynthesis-based scheme for stomatal conductance are more realistic. As expected, flux averages are strongly influenced by the underlying land cover. While the simulated net ecosystem exchange is highly correlated with leaf area index, this correlation is much weaker for the latent heat flux. Photosynthetic CO 2 uptake is associated with transpirational water loss via the stomata, and the resulting opposing surface fluxes of CO 2 and H 2 O are reproduced with the model approach. Over vegetated surfaces it is shown that the coupling of a photosynthesis-based gas exchange model with the land-surface scheme of a mesoscale model results in more realistic simulated latent heat fluxes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Meteorological Mesoscale Model Foot3dkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Simulation of the Opposing Fluxes of Latent Heat and CO2 over Various Land-Use Types: Coupling a Gas Exchange Model to a Mesoscale Atmospheric Model

Reyers

Krüger

Werner³

et al. 2010

Boundary-Layer Meteorol

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“…These hypotheses were not investigated during EBEX-2000. To verify these results, the data set of the LITFASS-2003 experiment Mengelkamp et al 2006) was used in the present study. In contrast to EBEX-2000, this data set also includes area averaged flux measurements.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Energy balance closure for the LITFASS-2003 experiment

Foken

Mauder

Liebethal

et al. 2009

Theor Appl Climatol

138

108

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In the first part, this paper synthesises the main results from a series of previous studies on the closure of the local energy balance at low-vegetation sites during the LITFASS-2003 experiment. A residual of up to 25% of the available energy has been found which cannot be fully explained either by the measurement uncertainty of the single components of the surface energy balance or by the length of the flux-averaging period. In the second part, secondary circulations due to heterogeneities in the surface characteristics (roughness, thermal and moisture properties) are discussed as a possible cause for the observed energy balance non-closure. This hypothesis seems to be supported from the fluxes derived from area-averaging measurement techniques (scintillometers, aircraft).

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“…This study is based on a selected data set of the LITFASS-2003 experiment (Mengelkamp et al, 2006) and focuses on the last question (iii) of the closure problem. It is assumed that the problems related to questions (i) and (ii) were verified and corrected according to our present knowledge for the data set used by Mauder et al (2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some aspects of the energy balance closure problem

et al. 2006

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Abstract. After briefly discussing several reasons for the energy balance closure problem in the surface layer, the paper focuses on the influence of the low frequency part of the turbulence spectrum on the residual. Changes in the turbulent fluxes in this part of the turbulence spectrum were found to have a significant influence on the changes of the residual. Using the ogive method, it was found that the eddy-covariance method underestimates turbulent fluxes in the case of ogives converging for measuring times longer than the typical averaging interval of 30 min. Additionally, the eddy-covariance method underestimates turbulent fluxes for maximal ogive functions within the averaging interval, both mainly due to advection and non-steady state conditions. This has a considerable influence on the use of the eddy-covariance method.

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Evaporation Over A Heterogeneous Land Surface

Abstract: A field experiment combined with numerical studies provides a better understanding of the area-averaged evaporation and leads to improved parameterization schemes.

Cited by 51 publications

References 45 publications

The Simulation of the Opposing Fluxes of Latent Heat and CO2 over Various Land-Use Types: Coupling a Gas Exchange Model to a Mesoscale Atmospheric Model

The Simulation of the Opposing Fluxes of Latent Heat and CO2 over Various Land-Use Types: Coupling a Gas Exchange Model to a Mesoscale Atmospheric Model

Energy balance closure for the LITFASS-2003 experiment

Some aspects of the energy balance closure problem

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