Evaporation of a solid into vacuum

Luikov, A.V.; Perel'man, T. L.; Анисимов, С. И.

doi:10.1016/0017-9310(71)90087-1

Cited by 26 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…There exists a variety of models describing the Knudsen layer at different scales and levels of detail. 20,[24][25][26][49][50][51][52][53][54] One particular approach treats the Knudsen layer as a gas dynamic discontinuity. 24,25 Here, analytical expressions can be derived that interrelate temperature, pressure, density, and velocity along the target surface and the outer side of the Knudsen layer, respectively.…”

Section: Surface Mass Removalmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of mass removal mechanisms in the onset of ns-laser induced plasma formation

Autrique

Clair

L’Hermite

et al. 2013

Journal of Applied Physics

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The present study focuses on the role of mass removal mechanisms in ns-laser ablation. A copper sample is placed in argon, initially set at standard pressure and temperature. Calculations are performed for a 6 ns laser pulse with a wavelength of 532 nm and laser fluences up to 10 J/cm 2. The transient behavior in and above the copper target is described by a hydrodynamic model. Transmission profiles and ablation depths are compared with experimental results and similar trends are found. Our calculations reveal an interesting self-inhibiting mechanism: volumetric mass removal in the supercritical region triggers plasma shielding and therefore stops proceeding. This self-limiting process indicates that volumetric mass removal does not necessarily result in large ablation depths. V

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Section: Surface Mass Removalmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of mass removal mechanisms in the onset of ns-laser induced plasma formation

Autrique

Clair

L’Hermite

et al. 2013

Journal of Applied Physics

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“…The problem of weak (or low Mach number) evaporation/condensation has been solved using linear perturbation theory [8,44,45]. To describe strong evaporation, Anisimov [6,46] applied a moment method based on the collision-invariant moments of the BTE (i.e., mass, momentum, and energy), adapting methods developed for the study of the shock wave structure. Ytrehus [7] developed this moment method further and with Alvestad [47] extended it to condensation.…”

Section: Knudsen Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting the Schrage Equation for Kinetically Limited Evaporation and Condensation

Vaartstra

Lienhard

et al. 2022

Journal of Heat Transfer

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The Schrage equation is commonly used in thermofluid engineering to model high-rate liquid-vapor phase change of pure fluids. Although shortcomings of this simple model were pointed out decades ago and more rigorous models have emerged from the kinetic theory community, Schrage's equation continues to be widely used. In this paper, we quantify the accuracy of the Schrage equation for evaporation and condensation of monatomic and polyatomic fluids at the low to moderately high flux operating conditions relevant to thermofluid engineering applications. As a high-accuracy reference, we numerically solve a BGK-like model equation for polyatomic vapors that has previously been shown to produce accurate solutions to the Boltzmann transport equation. We observe that the Schrage equation overpredicts heat/mass fluxes by ~15% for fluids with accommodation coefficients close to unity. For fluids with smaller accommodation coefficients, such as water, the Schrage equation yields more accurate flux estimates. We find that the Mott-Smith-like moment methods developed for liquid-vapor phase change are much more accurate than the Schrage equation, achieving heat/mass flux estimates that deviate by less than 1% (evaporation) and 4% (condensation) from the reference solution. In light of these results, we recommend using the moment-method equations instead of the Schrage equation. We also provide: tables with our high-accuracy numerical data for evaporation of any fluid and condensation of saturated water vapor; engineering equations fit to our data; and code for moment method calculations of evaporation and condensation.

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“…A simple order of magnitude estimate is carried out for an ablation crater supposed for simplicity cylindrical with radius r c and depth h c ; if a given laser fluence and dwell time τ d are consistent with a density n e , then the total number of free electrons to be thermalized is n c = πh c r 2 c n e ; on the other hand, if the characteristic equipartition time is τ t , then τ d /τ t electrons are effectively allowed to thermalize in the given irradiation conditions. Hence the thermalization condition is actually possible or not depending on, respectively, τ d /τ t > πh c r 2 c n e or τ d /τ t < πh c r 2 c n e . As expected, τ d and pulse fluence control the occurring of either situation; clearly the latter must be small enough to allow a sufficiently low production rate of electrons and the former long enough to allow thermalizing all of them.…”

Section: The Physical Model Of Thermal Ablation and Plasma Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However the formation of a cloud of dense plasma by intense vaporization of solid and liquid surfaces becomes crucial to enable keyhole welding, drilling, cutting and also for thin film deposition techniques based on pulsed laser etching of metals and superconductors. The problem of describing the formation and properties of the plasma plume is very complex and involves several topics of multidisciplinary interest [1][2][3]. A collection of experimental and theoretical papers on ablation is reported in [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A thermodynamic model of plasma generation by pulsed laser irradiation in vacuum

Tosto¹

2003

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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This paper introduces a thermodynamic model to determine composition, temperature and pressure of the plasma cloud induced by pulsed laser irradiation in the case where a relevant thermal sputtering mechanism is operating at the surface of a molten layer. The model concerns in particular pulse lengths of the order of several nanoseconds and completes the results of a previous paper concerning the physics of the evaporation and boiling driven thermal sputtering (Tosto S 2002 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 35); the recession rate and temperature at the molten surface are linked to the pulse fluence and plasma properties in the frame of a unique physical model. This paper shows that the plasma properties depend critically on the non-equilibrium character of the surface evaporation and boiling mechanisms. The extension of the model to the case of continuous laser irradiation is also discussed. Some examples of computer simulation aim to show the results available in the particular case of a metal target; the comparison between calculated and experimental data supports the validity of the model.

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Evaporation of a solid into vacuum

Cited by 26 publications

References 2 publications

The role of mass removal mechanisms in the onset of ns-laser induced plasma formation

The role of mass removal mechanisms in the onset of ns-laser induced plasma formation

Revisiting the Schrage Equation for Kinetically Limited Evaporation and Condensation

A thermodynamic model of plasma generation by pulsed laser irradiation in vacuum

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