Evaporation Mitigation Assessment by Self-assembled Nano-thickness Films in Shallow Fresh Water Lake Using Fixed and Semi-Floating Pans

Nejatian, Amir; Mohammadi, Mohammadreza; Doulabi, Malihe; zad, Azam Iraji; Tajrishy, Masoud

doi:10.1007/s40710-022-00599-3

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…In one trial, chemical leachate from a recently replaced high‐density polyethylene tank liner had a greater impact on aquatic microbes than twice‐weekly applications of a stearyl alcohol monolayer formulation (each dose of 0.28 ml m −2 equivalent to six times a monomolecular thickness; Pittaway, Martínez‐Alvarez, et al., 2015). The inclusion of hydrated lime in powdered monolayer formulations of cetyl and stearyl alcohol (Barnes, 2008; Mozafari et al., 2019; Nejatian et al., 2022) has the potential to adversely affect microlayer processes, as in two trials the lime rapidly increased the pH of microlayer water samples (7.9–10.2, and 8.2–10.8; Hancock et al., 2011). Many aquatic organisms surfacing at the air–water interface to breathe, including fish and aquatic larvae, may be adversely affected by this sudden rise in pH.…”

Section: Mode Of Action Environmental Impact and Performance Of Monom...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaporative loss and environmental impact of covers on water storages: A review

2023

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Commercial products to reduce evaporation from water storages have been developed since the 1960s. Categorised as suspended and floating continuous covers, floating modular covers, and monomolecular (monolayer) and multimolecular chemical films, product adoption by agricultural water managers is low. The role of evaporation reduction in improving water use efficiency is well established, but information on the suitability of product categories for farm water storages is lacking. We reviewed the environmental and operational performance of commercial evaporation reduction products using published and supplier information on design, mode of action, installation, operation, maintenance, the evaporation reduction achieved, and the impact on water quality, to analyze the suitability of the five product classes for water storages ranging in size from ≤2 to 100 ha. Span loading, cable tensioning and anchorage limit continuous covers to storages ≤2 ha. The cover fabric must reduce light transmittance by 80%, to reduce evaporation by 71%. Ballasting, tethering, and removal during dry times limit the use of continuous floating covers to storages ≤2 ha, managed close to full capacity. Floating modules must cover 88% of the surface to reduce evaporation by 70%, limiting their use to storages of ≤5 ha. Monolayer application is more flexible, but smart product selection and automated application strategies are required to improve performance. The number of application sites required to achieve full surface coverage limits monolayer use to storages ≤100 ha. Higher rates of application and poor self-spreading may limit multimolecular films to storages ≤10 ha.

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