Evaporation from Flowing Channels

Fulford, Janice M.; Sturm, Terry W.

doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9402(1984)110:1(1)

Cited by 19 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Studies that showed a significant free convection term (e.g. Jobson, ; Fulford and Sturm, ; Gulliver and Stefan, ) were mainly unsheltered or have a significant amount of artificially heated waters. McJannet et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, only a few studies have looked at site-specific river evaporation equations (e.g. Jobson, 1980;Fulford and Sturm, 1984;Gulliver and Stefan, 1986) including those within a sheltered stream environment (Guenther et al, 2012;Maheu et al, 2014). Nevertheless, results seem to indicate that as the watercourse becomes smaller and more sheltered (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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River evaporation, condensation and heat fluxes within a first-order tributary of Catamaran Brook (New Brunswick, Canada)

Caissie

2016

Hydrol. Process.

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Abstract:Stream temperature plays an important role in many biotic and abiotic processes, as it influences many physical, chemical and biological properties in rivers. As such, a good understanding of the thermal regime of rivers is essential for effective fisheries management and the protection aquatic habitats. Moreover, a thorough understanding of underlying physical processes and river heat fluxes is essential in the development of better and more adaptive water temperature models. Very few studies have measured river evaporation and condensation and subsequently calculated corresponding heat fluxes in small tributary streams, mainly because microclimate data (data collected within the stream environment) are essential and rarely available. As such, the present study will address these issues by measuring river evaporation and condensation in tributary 1 (Trib 1, a small tributary within Catamaran Brook) using floating minipans. The latent heat flux and other important fluxes were calculated. Results showed that evaporation was low within the small Trib 1 of Catamaran Brook, less than 0.07 mm day À1 . Results showed that condensation played an important role in the latent heat flux. In fact, condensation was present during 34 of 92 days (37%) during the summer, which occurred when air temperature was greater than water temperature by 4-6°C. Heat fluxes within this small stream showed that solar radiation dominated the heat gains and long-wave radiation dominated the heat losses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

River evaporation, condensation and heat fluxes within a first-order tributary of Catamaran Brook (New Brunswick, Canada)

Caissie

2016

Hydrol. Process.

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“…The wind function developed by Fulford and Sturm () led to a similar performance given its similarity to LSWM's wind function. At CatBk, the three previously mentioned wind functions (Fulford and Sturm, ; Webb and Zhang, ; McJannet et al ., ) did not improve the performance of the model. These results suggest that other factors than river evaporation may be contributing to uncertainties in the CatBk model.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The slope of LSWM's wind function agreed well with wind functions developed in open channels having minimal wind shelter (Jobson, ; Table ). The slope of LSWM's wind function also agreed well with the coefficients derived from land‐based meteorological conditions (Fulford and Sturm, ; McJannet, et al ., ; Table ). The slope of the wind function by Webb and Zhang (; Table ) was slightly higher than that observed at LSWM; however, their wind function was developed from streams with various riparian characteristics and windbreak effects (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the intercept of the daytime wind function was larger than the intercept of the nighttime wind function ( a day = 3.09 vs a night = 1.13; Table ). The intercept of the daytime wind function at LSWM was similar to coefficients developed over other open channels (Jobson, ; Fulford and Sturm, ; Benner, ; Table ). However, Guenther et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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River evaporation and corresponding heat fluxes in forested catchments

Maheu

Caissie

St‐Hilaire

et al. 2013

Hydrological Processes

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River water temperature is a very important variable in ecological studies, especially for the management of fisheries and aquatic resources. Temperature can impact on fish distribution, growth, mortality and community dynamics. River evaporation has been identified as an important heat loss and a key process in the thermal regime of rivers. However, its quantification remains a challenge, mainly because of the difficulty of making direct measurements. The objectives of this study were to characterize the evaporative heat flux at different scales (brook vs river) and to improve the estimation of the evaporative heat flux in a stream temperature model at the hourly timescale. Using a mass balance approach with floating minipans, we measured river evaporation at an hourly timescale in a medium‐sized river (Little Southwest Miramichi) and a small brook (Catamaran Brook) in New Brunswick, Canada. With these direct measurements of evaporation, we developed mass transfer equations to estimate hourly evaporation rates from microclimate conditions measured 2 m above the stream. During the summer 2012, river evaporation was more important for the medium‐sized river with a mean daily evaporation rate of 3.0 mm day−1 in the Little Southwest Miramichi River compared with that of 1.0 mm day−1 in Catamaran Brook. Evaporation was the main heat loss mechanism in the two studied streams and was responsible for 42% of heat losses in the Little Southwest Miramichi River and 34% of heat losses in Catamaran Brook during the summer. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Predicting evaporation from mountain streams

Szeitz

Moore

2020

Hydrological Processes

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Evaporation can be an important control on stream temperature, particularly in summer when it acts to limit daily maximum stream temperature. Evaporation from streams is usually modelled with the use of a wind function that includes empirically derived coefficients. A small number of studies derived wind functions for individual streams; the fitted parameters varied substantially among sites. In this study, stream evaporation and above-stream meteorological conditions (at 0.5 and 1.5 m above the water surface) were measured at nine mountain streams in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, covering a range of stream widths, temperatures, and riparian vegetation. Evaporation was measured on 20 site-days in total, at approximately hourly intervals, using nine floating evaporation pans distributed across the channels. The wind function was fit using mixed-effects models to account for among-stream variability in the parameters. The fixed-effects parameters were tested using leave-onesite-out cross-validation. The model based on 0.5 m measurements provided improved model performance compared to that based on 1.5 m values, with RMSE of 0.0162 and 0.0187 mm h −1 , respectively, relative to a mean evaporation rate of 0.06 mm h −1. Inclusion of atmospheric stability and canopy openness as predictors improved model performance when using the 1.5 m meteorological measurements, with minimal improvement when based on 0.5 m measurements. Of the wind functions reported in the literature, two performed reasonably while five others exhibited substantial bias.

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Evaporation from Flowing Channels

Cited by 19 publications

References 2 publications

River evaporation, condensation and heat fluxes within a first-order tributary of Catamaran Brook (New Brunswick, Canada)

River evaporation, condensation and heat fluxes within a first-order tributary of Catamaran Brook (New Brunswick, Canada)

River evaporation and corresponding heat fluxes in forested catchments

Predicting evaporation from mountain streams

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