Evaluations of phase-only double random phase encoding based on key-space analysis

Nakano, K.; Takeda, Masafumi; Suzuki, H.; Yamaguchi, Masahiro

doi:10.1364/ao.52.001276

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…. 23 Anisotropic materials such as cellophane [88] can be used for producing more complex structures. Anisotropy has been induced by attaching small strips of adhesive tape on the two samples; note that the orientation, length and width of the strips are placed at random.…”

Section: Authentication Of Codes Produced With Thin-films Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multiple alternatives have been suggested in order to make optical security systems more robust [17][18][19][20][21]. For instance, the so-called digital optics methods represent a very popular approach in optical-based encryption [22][23][24][25][26][27]. These procedures mimic physical processes by means of digital calculations or combine numerical operations with optical procedures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optical security and authentication using nanoscale and thin-film structures

Carnicer

Javidi

2017

Adv. Opt. Photon.

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Authentication of encoded information is a popular current trend in optical security. Recent research has proposed production of secure unclonable ID tags and devices with the use of nanoscale encoding and thin film deposition fabrication techniques which are nearly impossible to counterfeit but can be verified using optics and photonics instruments. Present procedures in optical encryption provide secure access to the information and these techniques are improving daily. Nevertheless, a rightful recipient with access to the decryption key may not be able to validate the authenticity of the message. In other words, there is no simple way to check whether the information has been counterfeited or not. Metallic nanoparticles may be used in the fabrication process because they provide distinctive polarimetric signatures that can be used for validation. The data is encoded in the optical domain that can be verified using physical properties with speckle analysis or ellipsometry. Signals obtained from fake and genuine samples are complex and can be difficult to distinguish. For this reason, machine learning classification algorithms are required in order to determine the authenticity of the encoded data and verify the security of unclonable nano particle encoded or thin film based ID tags. In this paper, we review recent research on optical validation of messages, ID tags, and codes using nano structures, thin films, and 3D optical codes. We analyze several case scenarios where optically encoded devices have to be authenticated. Validation requires the combined use of a variety of multi-disciplinary approaches in optical and statistical techniques and for this reason, the first five sections of this paper are organized as a tutorial.

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Section: Authentication Of Codes Produced With Thin-films Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical security and authentication using nanoscale and thin-film structures

Carnicer

Javidi

2017

Adv. Opt. Photon.

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“…Despite the fact that a plurality of attacks have been designed to break DRPE systems [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30], different approaches were suggested to improved security in DRPE. For instance, it has been demonstrated that quantum encryption systems that works with few photons are very secure [31,32].…”

Section: Encryption and Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, additional improvements with optical security techniques [16][17][18][19][20][21][22] could be adapted to be used with focused beams. To avoid conventional attacks against the information encrypted in the longitudinal component [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30], the use of quantum imaging techniques is suggested [31][32][33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical encryption in the longitudinal domain of focused fields

et al. 2016

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Abstract:We develop a method for encoding information in the longitudinal component of a focused field. Focused beams display a nonzero contribution of the electric field in the direction of propagation. However, the associated irradiance is very weak and difficult to isolate from the transverse part of the beam. For these reasons, the longitudinal component of a focused field could be a good choice for encoding and securing information. Using the Richards and Wolf formalism we show how to encrypt information in the longitudinal domain of the focal area. In addition, we use quantum imaging techniques to enhance the security and to prevent unauthorized access to the information. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on using the longitudinal component of the focused fields in optical security.

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“…This area of research includes image encryption [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15], authentication [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24], and compression or secure storage [25,26]. Authenticating sensitive information is critical to discovering tampering caused by a miscreant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Security authentication with a three-dimensional optical phase code using random forest classifier

2016

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An object with a unique three-dimensional (3D) optical phase mask attached is analyzed for security and authentication. These 3D optical phase masks are more difficult to duplicate or to have a mathematical formulation compared with 2D masks, and thus have improved security capabilities. A quick response code was modulated using a random 3D optical phase mask generating a 3D optical phase code (OPC). Due to the scattering of light through the 3D OPC, a unique speckle pattern based on the materials and structure in the 3D optical phase mask is generated and recorded on a CCD device. Feature extraction is performed by calculating the mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis, and entropy for each recorded speckle pattern. The random forest classifier is used for authentication. Optical experiments demonstrate the feasibility of the authentication scheme.

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Evaluations of phase-only double random phase encoding based on key-space analysis

Cited by 11 publications

References 30 publications

Optical security and authentication using nanoscale and thin-film structures

Optical security and authentication using nanoscale and thin-film structures

Optical encryption in the longitudinal domain of focused fields

Security authentication with a three-dimensional optical phase code using random forest classifier

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