Evaluation on hydrothermal gasification of waste tires based on chemical equilibrium analysis

Smart and Sustainable Waste Tire Management: Decision-Making Challenges and Future Directions

“…WTs are increasingly being produced all over the world, and their management is a challenging academic and practitioner area [1]. The goals for managing WTs are shown in Figure 1, which makes it clear that the primary action to take is to avoid their occurrence.…”

“…Following the 5R approach in WT management is essential because it ensures the prolongation of the length and cost-effectiveness of their treatment, thereby guaranteeing ecological and social sustainability. Retreading is the biggest challenge in WT management [1,8]. Tires on commercial vehicles are different in size and construction from those on passenger cars, which is crucial for efficient WT management.…”

“…Urbanization, an increase in the volume of e-commerce, and world economic trends are only some of the causes of the increase in the number of vehicles globally. Around 95 million vehicles were produced globally in 2019, and so by 2025, that number is projected to rise to over 100 million [1]. The demand for rubber products on a global scale is closely related to the expansion of the automotive industry.…”

“…Worldwide, more than 2 billion tires are produced each year, and the same number is thrown away as waste [4]. WTs represent considerably more than 2 % of all waste in the world, but they are a severe type because they require more than 100 years to decompose [1,5]. As a result, it is considered that one of the most important requirements for sustainable WT management is the traceability of the 5R principles (reduce, remanufacture, reuse, recycle, and recover) [2].…”