Evaluation of Within- and Between- Session Reliability of the TekscanTM Hoof System With a Glue-on Shoe

Logan, Alyssa A.; Nielsen, B.D.; Hallock, David B.; Robison, C.I.; Popovich, John M.

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103862

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Utilization of loading data, such as force and area, coupled with stride timing measurements, can be performed with sensor systems such as the Tekscan™ Hoof System. The Tekscan™ Hoof System is found to be reliable within a session of exercise when adhered to the forelimbs with a glue-on shoe [8]. Differences between recordings found in this study may be attributed to varying number of strides represented in each recording.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Each horse wore a Tekscan™ Hoof Sensor on each forelimb, adhered by a glue-on shoe. Shoe and sensor preparation and application methodology have previously been published [8,12].…”

Section: Exercise and Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, the impact of environmental effects such as rider, tack, gait, speed, diameter, and footing. The Tekscan™ Hoof System (Tekscan Inc., Boston, MA, USA) has previously been used to measure loading parameters such as area and normal force and is reliable within a session of exercise [8][9][10][11][12]. While utilizing this system, it has been reported that the outside forelimb has greater mean area loaded at the canter than at the walk and trot when horses are exercised in a round-pen, suggesting the importance of evaluating varying gaits when studying circular exercise [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Circle Diameter Impacts Stride Frequency and Forelimb Stance Duration at Various Gaits in Horses

Logan

Snyder

Nielsen

2023

Sensors

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The effects of gait and diameter have been studied independently, but rarely together in equine circular exercise studies. This study aimed to determine the impact of diameter (10-m or 15-m) at various gaits (walk, trot, and canter) on stride frequency or forelimb stance duration. Nine mature horses were outfitted with Tekscan™ Hoof Sensors on their forelimbs during circular and straight-line exercise at various gaits on a clay and sand arena surface. Statistical analysis was performed in SAS 9.4 with fixed effects of exercise type, recording, leg, and breed (PROC GLIMMIX, p < 0.05 significance). At walk (p < 0.0001) and trot (p < 0.001), stride frequency was lower during circular exercise. Stride frequency was similar between forelimbs at all gaits. At walk (p < 0.001) and canter (p = 0.01), stance duration was greatest during 10-m circle exercise. At walk (p = 0.0007), trot (p < 0.001), and canter (p < 0.0001), the inside forelimb had longer stance duration than the outside forelimb. Differences between forelimb stance durations may support asymmetrical travel while horses exercise on a circle at the walk, trot, and canter. These results demonstrate diameter and gait are important factors when evaluating forelimb kinematics during circular exercise.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Each horse wore a Tekscan™ Hoof Sensor on each forelimb, adhered by a glue-on shoe. Shoe and sensor preparation and application methodology have previously been published [8,12].…”

Section: Exercise and Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Circle Diameter Impacts Stride Frequency and Forelimb Stance Duration at Various Gaits in Horses

Logan

Snyder

Nielsen

2023

Sensors

Self Cite

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“…However, if a longer mid-stance phase is happening at the expense of a reduced landing time and slip period it may result in higher, potentially damaging, concussive forces when the body collides with the hoof [ 22 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. There is a direct link between temporal data, such as stance time and ground reaction forces [ 41 , 42 ], but the nuances of surface and jockey position effects on the profile of the vertical ground reaction force magnitude through time would be interesting to evaluate in future; for example, using equipment that records the force and area loaded by hooves in motion [ 43 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timing Differences in Stride Cycle Phases in Retired Racehorses Ridden in Rising and Two-Point Seat Positions at Trot on Turf, Artificial and Tarmac Surfaces

Horan

Price²,

Day

et al. 2023

Animals

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Injuries to racehorses and their jockeys are not limited to the racetrack and high-speed work. To optimise racehorse-jockey dyads’ health, well-being, and safety, it is important to understand their kinematics under the various exercise conditions they are exposed to. This includes trot work on roads, turf and artificial surfaces when accessing gallop tracks and warming up. This study quantified the forelimb hoof kinematics of racehorses trotting over tarmac, turf and artificial surfaces as their jockey adopted rising and two-point seat positions. A convenience sample of six horses was recruited from the British Racing School, Newmarket, and the horses were all ridden by the same jockey. Inertial measurement units (HoofBeat) were secured to the forelimb hooves of the horses and enabled landing, mid-stance, breakover, swing and stride durations, plus stride length, to be quantified via an in-built algorithm. Data were collected at a frequency of 1140 Hz. Linear Mixed Models were used to test for significant differences in the timing of these stride phases and stride length amongst the different surface and jockey positions. Speed was included as a covariate. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Hoof landing and mid-stance durations were negatively correlated, with approximately a 0.5 ms decrease in mid-stance duration for every 1 ms increase in landing duration (r2 = 0.5, p < 0.001). Hoof landing duration was significantly affected by surface (p < 0.001) and an interaction between jockey position and surface (p = 0.035). Landing duration was approximately 4.4 times shorter on tarmac compared to grass and artificial surfaces. Mid-stance duration was significantly affected by jockey position (p < 0.001) and surface (p = 0.001), speed (p < 0.001) and jockey position*speed (p < 0.001). Mean values for mid-stance increased by 13 ms with the jockey in the two-point seat position, and mid-stance was 19 ms longer on the tarmac than on the artificial surface. There was no significant difference in the breakover duration amongst surfaces or jockey positions (p ≥ 0.076) for the ridden dataset. However, the mean breakover duration on tarmac in the presence of a rider decreased by 21 ms compared to the in-hand dataset. Swing was significantly affected by surface (p = 0.039) and speed (p = 0.001), with a mean swing phase 20 ms longer on turf than on the artificial surface. Total stride duration was affected by surface only (p = 0.011). Tarmac was associated with a mean stride time that was significantly reduced, by 49 ms, compared to the turf, and this effect may be related to the shorter landing times on turf. Mean stride length was 14 cm shorter on tarmac than on grass, and stride length showed a strong positive correlation with speed, with a 71 cm increase in stride length for every 1 m s−1 increase in speed (r2 = 0.8, p < 0.001). In summary, this study demonstrated that the durations of the different stride cycle phases and stride length can be sensitive to surface type and jockey riding position. Further work is required to establish links between altered stride time variables and the risk of musculoskeletal injury.

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“…The reliability of mounting the sensor foils with adhesive tape was not evaluated in the current or former studies [ 18 , 19 , 21 , 34 ], which may have had an influence on the results. Another study could show reliability within but not between sessions when the sensor foils were attached with a glue-on shoe [ 38 ]. A potential cause for missing reliability between sessions could be sensel damage due to creases and delamination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilateral Change in Vertical Hoof Force Distribution in Horses with Unilateral Forelimb Lameness before and after Successful Diagnostic Anaesthesia

Hoffmann

Geburek

Hagen

et al. 2022

Animals

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Kinetic examinations of horses with induced lameness as well as the effect of perineural anaesthesia in sound horses have shown promise, but clinical studies regarding the effect of diagnostic anaesthesia during the different stance phases are rare. Fourteen horses with unilateral forelimb lameness were examined with the Hoof™ System during trot to assess vertical force distribution (in kg) affecting both front hooves before and after diagnostic anaesthesia during landing, midstance, and breakover. For statistical analysis, a covariance analysis with repeated measurements regarding the limb (lame/sound) as well as anaesthesia (before/after) and the covariable body weight was performed. The p-values for the pairwise comparisons were adjusted using the Bonferroni–Holm correction (p < 0.05). For all phases of the stance, a significant interaction between the factors limb and anaesthesia was shown. Before diagnostic anaesthesia, vertical force was significantly reduced on the lame limb compared to the sound limb during landing (−25%, p < 0.001), midstance (−20%, p < 0.001) and breakover (−27%, p < 0.001). After anaesthesia, the difference between both forelimbs was not significant anymore for all phases. The vertical force on the lame limb increased significantly after positive anaesthesia during the whole stance phase, with breakover being most affected (+27%, p = 0.001). Pressure measurements with the Hoof™ System can be used to evaluate the effect of diagnostic anaesthesia in a clinical setting with pain-related vertical force asymmetries being neutralised after diagnostic anaesthesia. Breakover is the main event influenced by lameness.

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Evaluation of Within- and Between- Session Reliability of the TekscanTM Hoof System With a Glue-on Shoe

Cited by 3 publications

References 29 publications

Circle Diameter Impacts Stride Frequency and Forelimb Stance Duration at Various Gaits in Horses

Circle Diameter Impacts Stride Frequency and Forelimb Stance Duration at Various Gaits in Horses

Timing Differences in Stride Cycle Phases in Retired Racehorses Ridden in Rising and Two-Point Seat Positions at Trot on Turf, Artificial and Tarmac Surfaces

Bilateral Change in Vertical Hoof Force Distribution in Horses with Unilateral Forelimb Lameness before and after Successful Diagnostic Anaesthesia

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