Evaluation of Wind Farm Layouts

Lundberg, Stefan

doi:10.1080/09398368.2006.11463608

Cited by 50 publications

(60 citation statements)

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“…Fig. 2 shows a block diagram over the calculation procedure of the EPDR and EPDRC with the required data for the different structures of wind farm [5]. …”

Section: A Indices For Reliability Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Large scale wind farm can be considered as it consists of four components such as wind turbines, inner grid, transformer and external grid [3], [5], in the aspects of economics and reliability.…”

Section: Basic Structure Of Large Scale Wind Farmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While offshore wind farm is able to gather wind energy with better quality in comparison to onshore plant [4], it has a higher repair cost as well as a higher investment cost. Therefore, it is essential to take into account the economic aspect when offshore plant is constructed [5]. The location of wind farm is preferentially decided at the area where wind speed is sufficiently high and stable, in order to increase the utilization rates of the wind farm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reliability evaluation considering structures of a large scale wind farm

Shin

Kim

Tae

et al. 2013

2013 15th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE)

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Wind energy is one of the most widely used renewable energy resources. Wind power has been connected to the grid as large scale wind farm which is made up of dozens of wind turbines, and the scale of wind farm is more increased recently. Due to intermittent and variable wind source, reliability evaluation on wind farm is necessarily required. Also, because large scale offshore wind farm has a long repair time and a high repair cost as well as a high investment cost, it is essential to take into account the economic aspect. One of methods to efficiently build and to operate wind farm is to construct wind farm which is able to enhance a capability of delivering a power instead of controlling an uncontrollable output of wind power. Therefore, this paper introduces a method to evaluate the reliability depending upon structures of wind farm and to reflect the result to the planning stage of wind farm.

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“…Fig. 2 shows a block diagram over the calculation procedure of the EPDR and EPDRC with the required data for the different structures of wind farm [5]. …”

Section: A Indices For Reliability Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Basic Structure Of Large Scale Wind Farmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reliability evaluation considering structures of a large scale wind farm

Shin

Kim

Tae

et al. 2013

2013 15th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE)

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“…This fact limits the competitiveness of the VSC-HVDC when it is applied to short and inter-mediate distance connections. Another drawback of HVDC and VSC-HVDC systems is the space charge accumulation of the cable caused by the DC current during the construction period [6,8,9]. Besides, corrosion is always a concern for HVDC systems particularly when implemented as submarine cable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The VSC-HVDC transmission system has been considered to be the most feasible solution for long distance offshore wind farm transmission system to date, for example 200 km. However, expensive converter stations added on both sides of the transmission system, especially for the offshore converter station, increases dramatically the investment cost for such solution [6,7]. This fact limits the competitiveness of the VSC-HVDC when it is applied to short and inter-mediate distance connections.…”

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confidence: 99%

Offshore wind farm connection with low frequency AC transmission technology

Qin

You

et al. 2009

2009 IEEE Power &Amp; Energy Society General Meeting

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Abstract-This paper investigates the feasibility of using the low frequency AC transmission (LFAC) system, e.g. fraction of 50 Hz or 60 Hz, for connecting the large offshore wind farm to the grid by modelling and simulation. The LFAC system improves the transmission capacity and distance compared to the conventional AC solution at the nominal frequency, e.g. 50 Hz or 60 Hz. and reduces the investment cost compared to the HVDC solution. It is estimated that the LFAC system is competitive in the transmission distance of about 30-150 km. The simulation model of the wind integration using the LFAC system has been developed, which consists of three parts, the fixed-speed wind turbine representing a wind farm, the transmission line and the frequency converter. Although the transmission capability is greatly improved by the LFAC system, simulation shows it gives negative influences on the wind turbine operation due to the reduced inductive reactance of the grid. Moreover, the harmonics introduced by the frequency converter may require extra filters to be installed in such system. Index Terms-offshore wind farm, fixed-speed wind turbine, cycloconverter, LFAC, FFTS I. INTRODUCTION he electricity production from the renewable sources becomes more attractive in the last decade. Amid available renewable energy conversion technologies, the penetration of wind energy in the grid is increasing rapidly. With the goal of European Union, the wind energy capacity will increase to approximately 20% of the total energy capacity. Larger wind farms with size from 100 MW to 1000 MW are expected to be constructed in the next decade [1].Due to the space shortage on land and the better wind energy resource, more offshore wind farms like the Horns Rev, with a 160 MW capacity locating about 20 km out of the west coast of Denmark and about 50 km to the nearest on-land point of connection [2], are under construction. The trend is that future offshore farms are to be built at farther distance and have a larger installation capacity. From a technical point of view, it is a great challenge to integrate such amount of wind power into the current power system. One of the main issues is the transmission system, linking between the offshore wind farm and the on-land electrical grid, which transmits large amount of power over a long distance. Currently, the possible solutions are: HVAC, Line commutated HVDC and Voltage Source Converter based HVDC (VSC-HVDC).N. Qin, S.You, Z. Xu and Vladislav Akhmatov are with the Centre for Electric Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark (e-mail: s060914@student.dtu.dk; sy@elektro.dtu.dk; zx@elektro.dtu.dk ).From the economic point of view, for the short distance (less than 50 km), the HVAC system has the advantage of low cost. As the distance gets longer, e.g. 50 km and above, considering the cable cost that concerning charging and losses, and the terminal cost, the HVAC transmission is no longer cheap but the HVDC is preferred [3]. Therefor...

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A novel concept of offshore wind-power collection and transmission system based on cascaded converter topology

Guan

2012

Int. Trans. Electr. Energ. Syst.

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This paper presents a new concept for the grid integration of large-scale offshore wind farms. In the offshore wind farm, the wind turbines are integrated into the offshore DC collector grid by a cascaded converter. The high-voltage level for the high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission purpose is built by series connections of low voltage modules, without the use of an offshore step-up substation. The output power of each module is controlled by the switching of the related half-bridge, and a modified straightforward voltage balancing strategy is proposed to balance the storage capacitor voltages in the turbines. Supplementary balancing strategies are also presented to assist in balancing the capacitor voltages, when the differences in the wind velocities flowing to the turbines become larger. Because of the stable capacitor voltages, selfcommutated voltage source converter (VSC) is adopted as the onshore inverter station connecting the HVDC link and the onshore AC grid. The VSC station not only regulates the DC-bus voltage of the HVDC link, but also provides reactive power compensation to the onshore grid. The time-domain simulation results show that the proposed offshore wind-power collection and transmission system provides a new option for integrating large-scale offshore wind farms.

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Evaluation of Wind Farm Layouts

Cited by 50 publications

References 1 publication

Reliability evaluation considering structures of a large scale wind farm

Reliability evaluation considering structures of a large scale wind farm

Offshore wind farm connection with low frequency AC transmission technology

A novel concept of offshore wind-power collection and transmission system based on cascaded converter topology

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