Evaluation of water quality and potential scaling of corrosion in the water supply using water quality and stability indices: A case study of Juja water distribution network, Kenya

Baloïtcha, Gbètingan Marien Patern; Mayabi, Alfred O.; Home, Patrick G.

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09141

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…The low concentration of chlorine recorded did not affect the deterioration of the bacteriological quality of water-no Escherichia coli bacteria were detected in water samples [Table 4]. The decrease in the concentration of residual chlorine in the system may be related to organic sediments entering the water from pipes and as a result of contact with the biofilm formed on the internal surfaces of water pipes [25].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Safety of Tap Water in Terms of Changes in Physical, Chemical, and Biological Stability

Domoń,

Kowalska,

Papciak

et al. 2024

Water

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Monitoring the quality of tap water in the distribution system and the ability to estimate the risk of losing its sanitary safety is an important aspect of managing the collective water supply system. During monitoring, the physical, chemical, and biological stability of water was assessed, which is the main determinant ensuring the appropriate quality of water for consumers. The physicochemical and microbiological quality of water was analyzed for two distribution systems (DSs), including the analysis of heavy metals (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb). The tests carried out showed that in both distribution systems, the water supplied to consumers met the guidelines for water intended for human consumption. It can be considered that the risk of uncontrolled changes in water quality in DSs with an average water production of <10,000 m3/d and the length of water pipelines < 150 km is very low. The water introduced into the system differed in the place of water intake and water purification technology, which influenced the final water quality. In DS(II), higher values were recorded for hardness, conductivity, calcium, alkalinity, nitrates, and DOC. It was found that the content of heavy metals during water transport to the consumer increased in the case of DS(I) for Zn, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Pb, and in the case of DS(II) for Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Pb. The observed differences resulted from the different quality of the intake water as well as from different materials used to build internal installations and their age and technical condition. The analyzed tap water was characterized by physical and chemical stability. However, the water did not meet the guidelines for water biostability due to the increased content of biogenic substances.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it should be remembered that hardness concentrations in the range of 60-500 mg CaCO 3 /L are within the limits of aesthetic acceptability for drinking water [6]. Calcium and alkalinity are known as pH stabilizers in water, but they must be maintained at a certain level to properly perform their roles [25].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety of Tap Water in Terms of Changes in Physical, Chemical, and Biological Stability

Domoń,

Kowalska,

Papciak

et al. 2024

Water

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“…The mean annual temperature of Juja is 18.8 °C, with mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures of 26.1 °C and 13.6 °C, respectively. The average annual rainfall is 1024 mm (Baloïtcha et al, 2022). The region experiences a bimodal rainfall pattern with cold, rainy seasons between April and August and October and December each year, with the rest of the period being dry and hot seasons (Watako et al, 2001).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of different pretreatments on thin-layer drying kinetics, vitamin A retention and rehydration of orange-fleshed sweet potato slices

Ayonga,

Ondieki,

Ronoh

2024

jagst

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Orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) is a bio-fortified sweet potato with a high beta-carotene content. OFSP deteriorates rapidly due to its high moisture content. Conventional air drying is one of the most common methods employed but has the disadvantage of low rates of moisture removal, hence the longer drying time, which affects the quality of the final product. Pretreatments prevent quality deterioration and hasten the drying rate. This study investigated the effects of different pretreatments on thin-layer drying kinetics and the quality of OFSP slices. Three-mm-thick OFSP slices were pretreated using three different pretreatments: lemon juice, salt solution, and hot water blanching (HWB). Pretreated slices were dried in a solar dryer. Data collection (weight, temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation) was done at 1-hour intervals. Four mathematical models (Page, Logarithmic, Modified Page, and Henderson and Pabis) were fitted to the experimental data. Also, the quality parameters of vitamin A and rehydration were investigated. The dryer inside temperatures and relative humidity ranged from 26.93–44.53 oC and 36.87%–65.30%, respectively. The moisture content of fresh OFSP slices for both treated and untreated samples was found to be in the range of 291.55–302.24% (dry basis, db), which reduced to 25.25–35.25% (db) after drying. The drying time ranged between 11 and 13 hours. The page model was found to be the best model for untreated samples, with R2 of 0.9948, RMSE of 0.0151, and χ2 of 0.0097, while the logarithmic model best described the drying behaviour of all the pretreated samples because it had the highest values of R2 and the lowest values of RMSE and χ2. Lemon juice-pretreated samples had the best quality parameters (vitamin A retention and rehydration ratio). A maximum rehydration ratio of 1.6765 was obtained for samples pretreated with lemon juice, and a minimum rehydration ratio of 1.1390 was obtained from HWB-pretreted samples. The results, therefore, indicate that lemon juice can be used as a pretreatment for thin-layer drying of OFSP slices. Pretreatments help minimise postharvest losses associated with OFSP, thus contributing to solving food and nutrition insecurity challenges.

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“…These parameters help assess the impact of glacial meltwater on water quality in subglacial coves. Baloïtcha et al (2022) stress the use of tools like the Water Quality Index (WQI) and Water Stability Index (WSI) for the easy assessment of water quality and aggressiveness. These indices provide a comprehensive overview of water quality and its suitability for various uses (Baloïtcha et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Baloïtcha et al (2022) stress the use of tools like the Water Quality Index (WQI) and Water Stability Index (WSI) for the easy assessment of water quality and aggressiveness. These indices provide a comprehensive overview of water quality and its suitability for various uses (Baloïtcha et al, 2022). Vyas and Jethoo (2015) highlight the significance of meteorological parameters in water quality assessment, as meteorological conditions can influence water quality, particularly in the case of weather-related events (Vyas & Jethoo, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of Dynamic Interactions between Meteorological Patterns and Surface Water Quality on Environmental Health&#8212;A Case Study of the Nairobi River

Safari,

Chen,

Kipkirui

et al. 2024

GEP

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Urban areas face significant challenges in maintaining water quality amidst increasing urbanization and changing climatic patterns. This study investigates the complex interplay between meteorological variables and water quality parameters in Nairobi City, focusing on the impacts of rainfall and temperature on surface water quality. Data from multiple sources, including the Water Resources Authority, Nairobi Water and Sewerage Company, and the World Bank's Climate Change Knowledge Portal, were analyzed to assess the relationships between meteorological variables (rainfall and temperature) and water quality parameters (such as electroconductivity, biochemical oxygen demand, chloride, and pH). The analysis reveals varying impacts of rainfall and temperature on different water quality parameters. While parameters like iron and pH show strong relationships with both rainfall and temperature, others such as ammonia and nitrate exhibit moderate relationships. Additionally, the study highlights the influence of runoff, urbanization, and industrial activities on water quality, emphasizing the need for holistic management approaches. Recommendations encompass the establishment of annual publications on Nairobi River water quality, online accessibility of water quality data, development of hydrological models, spatial analysis, and fostering cross-disciplinary research collaborations. Implementing these recommendations can enhance water quality management practices, mitigate risks, and safeguard environmental integrity in Nairobi City.

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Evaluation of water quality and potential scaling of corrosion in the water supply using water quality and stability indices: A case study of Juja water distribution network, Kenya

Cited by 14 publications

References 11 publications

Safety of Tap Water in Terms of Changes in Physical, Chemical, and Biological Stability

Safety of Tap Water in Terms of Changes in Physical, Chemical, and Biological Stability

Effects of different pretreatments on thin-layer drying kinetics, vitamin A retention and rehydration of orange-fleshed sweet potato slices

Implications of Dynamic Interactions between Meteorological Patterns and Surface Water Quality on Environmental Health&#8212;A Case Study of the Nairobi River

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Evaluation of water quality and potential scaling of corrosion in the water supply using water quality and stability indices: A case study of Juja water distribution network, Kenya

Cited by 14 publications

References 11 publications

Safety of Tap Water in Terms of Changes in Physical, Chemical, and Biological Stability

Safety of Tap Water in Terms of Changes in Physical, Chemical, and Biological Stability

Effects of different pretreatments on thin-layer drying kinetics, vitamin A retention and rehydration of orange-fleshed sweet potato slices

Implications of Dynamic Interactions between Meteorological Patterns and Surface Water Quality on Environmental Health&amp;#8212;A Case Study of the Nairobi River

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Implications of Dynamic Interactions between Meteorological Patterns and Surface Water Quality on Environmental Health—A Case Study of the Nairobi River