Evaluation of validity of observer test for testing of camouflage patterns

Racek, František; Jobánek, Adam; Baláž, Teodor; Krejčí, Jaroslav

doi:10.1117/12.2325101

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Camouflage is typically deployed to reduce the visual signature of targets, thereby maximizing the average time needed by an observer to find the target in the scene. Search time (e.g., [29][30][31]33,35,55,66]) and detection probability (e.g., [29,33,41,42,67]) are therefore often adopted as metrics to quantify the effectiveness of camouflage. Effective camouflage measures should result in an increase in search time and a decrease in detection probability.…”

Section: Visual Searchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of camouflage assessment techniques

Toet

Hogervorst

2020

Target and Background Signatures VI

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In military operations signature reduction techniques such as camouflage nets, low-emissive paints, and camouflage patterns are typically deployed to optimize the survivability of high value assets by minimizing their detectability. Various methods have been developed to assess the effectiveness of these camouflage measures. There are three main approaches to the evaluation of camouflage measures: (1) a subjective approach through observer experiments, (2) an objective computational approach through image analysis, and (3) an objective approach through physical measurements. Although subjective evaluation methods have a direct relation with the operational practice, they are often difficult to implement because of time and budget restrictions (these experiments typically require a lot of observers, repetitions and different targets and backgrounds), or simply because the associated conditions are not safe for the observers. The objective evaluation methods are typically based on the outcome of psychophysical laboratory experiments using simple artificial stimuli, presented under extremely restricted (impoverished) conditions, and in different experimental paradigms. Other objective methods are based on signal processing techniques and have no obvious counterpart in human vision. Only a few attempts have been made to validate any of these objective metrics against the performance of human observers in realistic military scenarios. As a result, there are currently no standard and internationally accepted methods and procedures to evaluate camouflage equipment and techniques, and to indicate their military effectiveness. In this review paper we present an overview of the various subjective (psychophysical) and objective (computational, image or video based) evaluation methods that are currently available and that have been used to validate camouflage effectiveness. In addition, we discuss the relative merits of field experiments versus laboratory experiments.

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Section: Visual Searchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of camouflage assessment techniques

Toet

Hogervorst

2020

Target and Background Signatures VI

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“…The number of specific scenes in this study was 11, comparable to those used in similar studies and higher than similar camouflage studies where isolated sub-topics were studied [27,29,30,33,34,[47][48][49][50]. No exact number of scenes is considered a minimum for a test to be reliable.…”

Section: Validity Of the Resultsmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…In this study, the number of observers per target in each scene was 7-8, slightly fewer than usual [27,29,30,33,34,[47][48][49][50]). However, we believe the decent number of scenes (11) and the homogenous group of observers (soldiers) should compensate for the relatively low number of observers and smooth out statistical variations due to potential differences in observance skills and prerequisites.…”

Section: Validity Of the Resultsmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…In recent years, FFI has developed a photosimulation methodology for evaluating the visual camouflage effectiveness of camouflages [12,[27][28][29][30] based on test methods used by other nations [26,[31][32][33][34][35]. The methodology requires soldiers to visually search for camouflage targets (uniforms) in various scenes, with detection time and probability of detection as metrics to quantify the camouflage effectiveness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Camouflage performance of winter uniforms: photosimulations in the visual spectrum

Mikkelsen,

Selj,

Nielsen

2023

Target and Background Signatures IX

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Minimizing electro-optical signatures of soldiers against modern sensors is a challenging task, but a task with high importance and benefits for operative soldiers that need to stay undetected. Optimizing camouflage uniforms for winter conditions efficiently reduces soldier signatures in winter scenes, especially in the visual spectrum. Snow usually dominates winter scenes and is difficult to mimic because the spectral properties of snow change with several parameters such as grain size, structure, and wetness. Developing efficient winter camouflage thus requires knowledge and data on the spectral properties of snow. This paper presents spectral data on common snow types in Norway and evaluates the camouflage performance of several winter uniforms of different colors and patterns. We assessed and ranked the camouflage performance of the uniforms quantitatively in the visible spectrum using an observer-based photosimulation where many soldiers searched for targets in various Norwegian winter scenes. By collecting a large number of detection times, indicating how difficult it was for an observer to detect each camouflage in each of the unique winter scenes, it was possible to rank the camouflage targets quantitatively. The results show how each camouflage performed (given by time of detection or as a percentage) compared to all the other camouflages in the test for each scene. The photosimulation method is time-consuming, but it gives a realistic estimation of camouflage performance over the different scenes. We discuss the performance of the various winter camouflages with their pattern and similarity to snow (color coordinates).

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Research status and development trend of image camouflage effect evaluation

Jiao

et al. 2022

Multimed Tools Appl

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Evaluation of validity of observer test for testing of camouflage patterns

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Review of camouflage assessment techniques

Review of camouflage assessment techniques

Camouflage performance of winter uniforms: photosimulations in the visual spectrum

Research status and development trend of image camouflage effect evaluation

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