Evaluation of Ultrasound for Detection of Changes in Muscle Mass Recovery after Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy in Dogs

Frank, Ilan; Duerr, Felix M.; Zanghi, Brian M.; Middleton, Rondo; Lang, Linda G.

doi:10.1055/s-0038-1668196

Cited by 1 publication

(28 citation statements)

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“…Among the total of 62 qualified articles, LC was used in 55 articles [ 4 – 12 , 18 – 63 ], US in five articles [ 9 , 38 , 64 – 66 ], CT in four articles [ 9 , 65 , 67 , 68 ], MRI in one article [ 64 ], and DEXA in two articles [ 69 , 70 ]. Utilization of the modalities at different time points (i.e., serial measurements) was described in 49 LC articles [ 4 – 12 , 18 – 31 , 34 , 35 , 38 – 43 , 45 – 48 , 53 – 56 , 63 ], two US articles [ 9 , 38 ], one CT article [ 9 ] and one DEXA article [ 69 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Five studies were classified as reliability studies, and two studies in the validation studies included reliability components (e.g., observer variability). Observer variability was evaluated for LC [ 44 , 50 – 52 ] and US [ 9 , 64 ], which used intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) [ 9 , 50 , 52 , 64 ] and standard deviation [ 44 , 51 ] for statistical analysis. Table 3 summarizes available observer variability data of LC and US.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reliability studies for CT, MRI, and DEXA were not available. Three studies were classified as validation studies; correlation between US and MRI in the thigh [ 64 ], correlation among LC, US, and CT in the thigh [ 9 ], and correlation between US and CT in various locations on the limb [ 65 ] have been evaluated. Table 4 summarizes the correlation data.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the articles did not specify the type of the measuring tape, it was classified as standard, non-stretchable metric tape. Thirty-two articles used standard non-stretchable metric tape [ 5 , 6 , 10 – 12 , 18 – 43 , 63 ], and 22 articles used Gulick II tape [ 4 , 7 – 9 , 45 – 62 ]. One article compared measurements from all four measuring tape types [ 44 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Skeletal muscle atrophy is a commonly rueported clinical sign in canine veterinary medicine that can be attributed to various conditions, including disuse conditions (e.g., immobilization, inactivity due to pain), neurologic conditions, sarcopenia due to age-related physiologic change in the absence of disease, and cachexia due to systemic conditions (e.g., congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, neoplasia) [ 1 , 2 ]. Monitoring changes in appendicular muscle mass has been frequently used as a surrogate marker for limb function [ 3 ], often measured before and after interventions for orthopedic conditions, such as physical therapy [ 4 , 5 ], total joint replacement [ 6 , 7 ], tibial plateau leveling osteotomy [ 8 , 9 ], and fracture repair [ 10 – 12 ] in dogs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Appendicular skeletal muscle mass assessment in dogs: a scoping literature review

et al. 2022

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Background Monitoring changes in appendicular skeletal muscle mass is frequently used as a surrogate marker for limb function. The primary objective of this study was to review scientific information related to the assessment of appendicular skeletal muscle mass in dogs. The secondary objective was to develop practical recommendations for serial evaluation of muscle mass. Methods A scoping review was conducted with a systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, CAB abstract, and Cochrane from inception to June 2021. The following modalities were included in the search: limb circumference, diagnostic ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Results A total of 62 articles that measured appendicular skeletal muscle mass in dogs were identified. Limb circumference (55 articles) was the most commonly used modality. Its reliability was investigated in five studies. Several factors, including measuring tape type, body position, joint angles, and the presence of hair coat, were reported as variables that can affect measurements. Diagnostic ultrasound (five articles) was validated in three articles, but there is scarce information about observer reliability and variables affecting the measurement. Computed tomography (four articles) and magnetic resonance imaging (one article) have been used to validate other modalities at a single time point rather than as a clinical tool for serial muscle mass monitoring. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (two articles) has been used to quantify specific skeletal muscle mass but was mainly used to evaluate body composition in dogs. Conclusion Limb circumference and ultrasound are likely the main modalities that will continue to be used for serial muscle mass measurement in the clinical setting unless a new technology is developed. The reliability of limb circumference is questionable. Several key factors, including measuring tape type, body position, joint angles, and coat clipping, need to be controlled to improve the reliability of limb circumference measurements. Ultrasound may provide a reasonable alternative, but further studies are required to evaluate the reliability of this modality and identify factors that influence ultrasound measurements.

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