Evaluation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β levels among subjects vaping e-cigarettes and nonsmokers

Periodontal and Peri-Implant Health Status in Traditional vs. Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco and Electronic Cigarettes Smokers: A Systematic Review

“…Bin Shabaib et al and Mokeem et al reported significantly higher IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-a levels in CS compared to E-Cigs and NS, while no differences were found among E-Cigs and NS, probably because, in this study, E-Cigs participants were vaping for a relatively short duration [ 50 , 54 ]. Additionally, ArRejaie et al obtained similar results comparing CS, E-Cigs and NS, but he also found statistically significant differences between E-Cigs and NS for IL-1b, where IL-b levels were higher in E-Cigs than NS [ 60 ]; accordingly, Al–Ali et al and Sinha et al obtained the same results between E-Cigs and NS [ 51 , 63 ]. Al Quatani et al found similar IL-1b, IL-6 and TNF-a levels among CS, WS and E-Cigs, all significantly higher than those from NS [ 53 ].…”

“…No statistically significant difference in MBL among CS, E-Cigs and NS with periodontitis was found by Aldakeel et al, revealing, however, a greater MBL in periodontal smokers (CS and E-Cigs) and nonsmokers compared to NS without periodontitis, as expected [ 57 ]. No differences in MBL were found by Binshabib et al and Mokeem et al between NS and E-Cigs and by Al Hamoudi et al, both at baseline and after periodontal treatment [ 50 ], although opposite results were reported instead by other authors [ 51 , 58 , 63 ].…”

“…Regarding the Probing Depth, several authors described overall worse PD in Cs and E-Cigs compared to NS [ 51 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 58 , 60 , 62 , 63 ], despite the fact that E-Cigs showed less clinical signs related to periodontal and peri-implant inflammation and disruption to CS [ 55 ]. Al Qahtani et al found significantly lower PD values in E-Cigs compared to CS and WS [ 53 ], supporting the hypothesis that cigarette smoke may be responsible for periodontal tissue destruction and cell death and may increase the production of matrix metalloproteinases involved in the inflammatory process [ 55 ].…”

“…In particular, Interleukin IL-1 β and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), detectable in PISF (peri-implant sulcular fluid), may be considered as biomarkers for both periodontal and peri-implant diseases diagnosis and prognosis [ 51 , 62 ]. PISF levels were generally higher in smokers compared to nonsmokers [ 53 , 60 , 62 , 64 ] and in E-Cigs compared to NS [ 51 , 63 ]. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, secreted by activated macrophages in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide [ 69 , 70 ], may potentially play a crucial role in periodontal and peri-implant tissue inflammation and destruction [ 53 , 60 , 62 ], stimulating osteoclastogenesis, osteoclasts activation with subsequent bone resorption, and inducing fibroblasts apoptosis [ 71 , 72 ], and have been found increased in saliva and in GCF of CS and WS and E-Cigs compared to NS [ 50 , 51 , 55 , 56 , 73 ].…”

Chronic health effects associated with electronic cigarette use: A systematic review

“…For studies comparing daily e-cigarette users to non-smokers (62-65, 90, 92), most of the results were inconsistent within studies and led to "votesplitting" (refer to Table 3). Four studies (62)(63)(64)92) showed a mix of results, non-significant differences in PI (62)(63)(64)92) and PD (62), poorer PD (63), BOP, PIBL (62) and MBL (92), and/or better clinical parameter BOP (63, 64,92) for daily ecigarette users than for non-smokers. Only one study showed significantly better clinical parameters (90), and only one study included exclusive users (65) showing poorer clinical parameters for the majority of clinical markers (PI, PD, and RBL) than non-smokers.…”