Evaluation of transdermal salidroside delivery using niosomes via in vitro cellular uptake

Enhanced anticancer activity and oral bioavailability of ellagic acid through encapsulation in biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles

“…39 Viability of cells was measured as the absorbance of exposed HTC-116 cells relative to the absorbance of control cells and showed as the percentage of control, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of cell proliferation was calculated. 40 …”

Recent advances in non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes): Fabrication, characterization, pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications

“…Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain their penetration-enhancing effects. Firstly, adsorption and fusion of drug-loaded vesicles onto the surface of the skin leads to a high thermodynamic activity gradient of the drug at the surface of vesicles and SC, which acts as a driving force for the penetration of drugs across the SC (55,58,(103)(104)(105)(106). Secondly, disruption of the densely packed lipids that fill extracellular spaces of the SC, enhance the permeability of drugs through structural modification of SC.…”

“…Thirdly, the non-ionic surfactants play a crucial role in improving penetration by acting as penetration enhancers. Wherein vesicle bilayers enter the SC with subsequent modification of the intercellular lipids, which increases overall membrane fluidity (50,55,58,84,104,105,(107)(108)(109)(110)(111)(112). Lastly, niosomes cause an alteration in the SC properties through a reduction in the trans-epidermal water loss, thus leading to an increase in SC hydration with the loosening of its closely packed cellular structure (55,104).…”

“…Gels containing elastic niosomes demonstrated enhanced transdermal absorption through rat skin by exhibiting higher fluxes of diclofenac in the SC, viable epidermis and dermis and receiver chamber compared to commercial emulgel containing an equivalent amount of drug. Diclofenac entrapped in the elastic niosomes and incorporated in the gel also demonstrated good antiinflammatory effect in the rat ear edema assay(23).Drugs with different physicochemical properties have been investigated for topical and transdermal delivery include diacerein(53), itraconazole(114), tretinoin(115), salidroside(104) and finasteride are listed inTable 4(116). An exciting area in dermal drug delivery is a topical vaccine, niosomes have been studied in this area for delivery of antigens.…”

Pivotal role of Acitretin nanovesicular gel for effective treatment of psoriasis: ex vivo–in vivo evaluation study

“…antipsoriatic activity of act nanovesicular gel antiproliferative activity of Act-loaded niosomes could be possibly correlated to the cellular uptake of niosomes by endocytosis that enables a prompt internalization in the cytoplasm and release of the drug to interact more readily with its target, leading to cell death. 86,90 The released Act from the niosomal carrier exerts its effect primarily through binding to nuclear receptors, namely, retinoic acid receptors and retinoic X receptors, and modulating the gene expression of numerous proteins implicated in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. 91 Also, the drug indirectly inhibits particular genes which regulate the pathologic criteria of the disease such as proliferation of epidermal layers, angiogenesis, and inflammation.…”