Evaluation of toxicity of hydrocarbons emitted by Euro 3 and Euro 6 vehicles at idle conditions by means of equivalent toxicity coefficients

Kęska, Aleksandra; Janicka, Anna

doi:10.1177/14680874221132929

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…Toxicometer measurements are an adequate indicator of the toxicity of a gas mixture if it is possible to find a reference compound that can represent a given gas sample and reliably reflect the degree of toxicity of the tested mixture. Therefore, the choice of the reference compound should be strictly dependent on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the tested mixture and should consider the properties of its individual components …”

Section: Exhaust Emission Test Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Actual Toxicity of Engine Exhaust Gases Emitted from Vehicles: The Development and Perspectives of Biological and Chemical Measurement Methods

Kęska

2023

ACS Omega

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Most of the current studies on vehicle engine exhaust emissions are focused on qualitative and quantitative measurements. Approval tests for admitting vehicles to traffic and tests performed at vehicle inspection stations are limited to measuring the concentrations of individual compounds or selected groups of compounds. For vehicles with compression-ignition engines, the annual emission control comprises only an exhaust gas opacity test, performed with an opacimeter. This approach does not consider very harmful groups of compounds that determine the toxicity of exhaust gases but are not directly covered by the emission standards, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds. Also, it does not provide a clear answer to the question of the actual toxicity of exhaust gases, understood as the harmful effect that a given substance causes on living organisms or biological processes. Studies on the actual toxicity of engine exhaust gases present a new area of interest, increasingly more discussed but still not approached in a comprehensive way. The studies include experiments using in vitro biological methods and chemical analyses of gas mixtures. In this Review, I present an overview of current research and a critical comparison of commonly used methods of testing engine exhaust emissions and methods that might supplement them in a significant manner. The development of in vitro biological methods, including methods of microscopic analysis of cells in the assessment of exhaust gas toxicity, provides an innovative approach to the problem of air pollution. This type of research presents the opportunity to indisputably answer the question of the actual toxicity of a given gas mixture and to make a new contribution to science in the field of molecular biology. Current data show that the survival of cells exposed to engine exhaust emissions from older generation vehicles is higher compared to that of newer generation vehicles.

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Section: Exhaust Emission Test Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the choice of the reference compound should be strictly dependent on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the tested mixture and should consider the properties of its individual components. 10 …”

Section: Exhaust Emission Test Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Actual Toxicity of Engine Exhaust Gases Emitted from Vehicles: The Development and Perspectives of Biological and Chemical Measurement Methods

Kęska

2023

ACS Omega

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“…Diesel engines generate many chemical compounds in liquid, solid, and, most importantly, gaseous states. The most important of these are sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), hydrocarbon compounds (CH x ), nitrogen oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), and solid particles [24][25][26][27][28][29]. According to Stavert and Lehnert [30] and Kampa [31], NOx is a harmful air pollutant that can have significant impacts on both the environment and human health.…”

Section: State Of the Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forecasting of NOx Emissions of Diesel LHD Vehicles in Underground Mines—An ANN-Based Regression Approach

Banasiewicz,

Moosavi,

Kotyla

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

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An approach based on an artificial neural network (ANN) for the prediction of NOx emissions from underground load–haul–dumping (LHD) vehicles powered by diesel engines is proposed. A Feed-Forward Neural Network, the Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), is used to establish a nonlinear relationship between input and output layers. The predicted values of NOx emissions have less than 15% error compared to the real values measured by the LHD onboard monitoring system by the standard sensor. This is considered quite good efficiency for dynamic behaviour prediction of extremely complex systems. The achieved accuracy of NOx prediction allows the application of the ANN-based “soft sensor” in environmental impact estimation and ventilation system demand planning, which depends on the number of working LHDs in the underground mine. The proposed solution to model NOx concentrations from mining machines will help to provide a better understanding of the atmosphere of the working environment and will also contribute to improving the safety of underground crews.

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“…The more diverse the qualitative and quantitative composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the more cells degenerate. The toxicity of individual compounds in the group of hydrocarbons (limited as a sum) has been proven to differ significantly (up to a thousand times), as indicated by the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) values 17 and toxicity coefficients 18 , 19 . Therefore, reducing the concentration of hydrocarbons in exhaust gases does not affect their actual toxicity, which should be interpreted as the harmful effect of a given substance on living organisms or biological processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-vacuum SEM imaging and viability test of L929 cells exposed to a Euro 6 diesel exhaust gas mixture in a BAT-CELL chamber in comparison with hydrocarbons emission

Kęska,

Rusak,

Włostowski

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Exhaust emissions, which count among the most common causes of premature death worldwide, can cause irreversible changes in cells, leading to their damage or degeneration. In this research, L929 line cells were observed after exposure in the BAT-CELL chamber to exhaust gases emitted from a Euro 6 compression-ignition engine. Real road traffic conditions were simulated, taking into account air resistance while driving at speeds of 50 km/h, 120 km/h and idling engine. Morphological analysis of the cells was performed using an environmental scanning electron microscope. It has been observed that diesel exhaust fumes can cause inflammation, which can induce apoptosis or leads to necrotic cell death. The impact of the vehicle exhaust gases can inhibit cell proliferation by almost three times. Moreover, a correlation has been observed between the speed of the inflammatory reaction in cells and the presence of specific hydrocarbon compounds that determine the toxicity of exhaust gases. Research has shown that the toxicity of the emitted exhaust gases has been the highest at the driving speed of 120 km/h. In order to reduce the harmful effects of exhaust emissions, ecological alternatives and the supplementation of legal provisions regarding the compounds subject to limitation are necessary.

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Evaluation of toxicity of hydrocarbons emitted by Euro 3 and Euro 6 vehicles at idle conditions by means of equivalent toxicity coefficients

Cited by 4 publications

References 25 publications

The Actual Toxicity of Engine Exhaust Gases Emitted from Vehicles: The Development and Perspectives of Biological and Chemical Measurement Methods

The Actual Toxicity of Engine Exhaust Gases Emitted from Vehicles: The Development and Perspectives of Biological and Chemical Measurement Methods

Forecasting of NOx Emissions of Diesel LHD Vehicles in Underground Mines—An ANN-Based Regression Approach

Low-vacuum SEM imaging and viability test of L929 cells exposed to a Euro 6 diesel exhaust gas mixture in a BAT-CELL chamber in comparison with hydrocarbons emission

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