Evaluation of Toxic Metals in Blood and Urine Samples of Chronic Renal Failure Patients, before and after Dialysis

Abstract

The determination of toxic elements in the biological samples of human beings is an important clinical screening procedure. The aim of this work was to determine total content of toxic elements-aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb)-in whole blood and urine samples of male chronic renal failure patients (CRFPs) on maintenance hemodialysis from 2006 to 2007. The study included 100 CRFPs, plus 150 healthy volunteers in the control group. The concentration of toxic elements (TEs) were determined in blood sample before and after hemodialysis, while urine sample was determined once, before dialysis. Toxic elements were analyzed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer, prior to microwave-induced acid digestion. The accuracy of the total Al, Cd, and Pb measurements was tested by simultaneously analyzing certified reference materials. No significant differences were established between the analytical results and the certified values (paired t-test at p > 0.05). The levels of TEs in blood samples of patients before dialysis were found to be higher than blood samples after dialysis session. In the control group, the blood levels of Al, Cd, and Pb were significantly lower than the chronic renal failure patients.Moreover, the study shows that analyzing levels of Al, Cd, and Pb may be useful in hemodialysis patients in evaluating TEs status.

Estimation of toxic elements in the samples of different cigarettes and their effect on the essential elemental status in the biological samples of Irish smoker rheumatoid arthritis consumers

“…Smoking, however, is an important source of exposure to toxic elements (TEs) such as aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb), which have been proposed as causative agents of cigarette smoke-induced physiological disorders (Kazi et al 2008a(Kazi et al , 2008b. In fact, a study showed that serious symptoms (strong urges to smoke, feeling anxious, or unsuccessful attempts at not smoking) appeared in youth within weeks or only days after the initial start of smoking (Kazi et al 2008b).…”

Octa-<i>O</i>-Methoxy Resorcin [4] Arene Amberlite XAD-4 Polymeric Chelating Resin for Solid Phase Extraction, Preconcentration, Separation and Trace Determination of Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) Ions

“…Calix [4] resorcinarenes possess good capability to form a variety of complexes with organic/inorganic ions, neutral molecules, transition metal complexes and organometallics [72] for the simple reason that they can be functionalized at the upper rim or at C-methyl position or at hydroxyl groups at extra-annular position, enabling them to be used as multifunctional receptors [73]. Literature reveals only few reports on the extraction of metal ions using calyx [4] resorcinarene and its derivatives [74][75][76][77][78][79][80].…”

“…Considering biological research, the role of some trace and ultratrace elements in the body is very important and has diverse functions. Some of the trace elements are essential to life while others are toxic even at low concentrations [2][3][4][5][6]. Many metals listed as environmental hazards are essential dietary trace elements required for normal growth and development of animals and human beings.…”

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the simultaneous separation of trace amounts of zinc and cadmium ions in water samples prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry determination

“…Considering biological research, the roles of some trace and ultra-trace elements in the body is very important and has diverse function. [1][2][3][4][5] Some of trace elements are essential to life while others are toxic even at very low concentrations. Therefore, due to the importance of heavy metals at trace level in the human health and environment, the sensitive and accurate determination of the levels of heavy metals in the environmental samples have been continuously carried out on the analytical and environmental laboratories around the world.…”