Evaluation of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity in gestational diabetes mellitus and its relationship with postpartum thyroiditis

Maleki, Nasrollah; Tavosi, Zahra

doi:10.1111/dme.12580

Cited by 29 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Thyroid dysfunction is also more frequent among diabetic pregnant women. Maleki and Tavosi [24] reported that thyroid dysfunction prevalence is 6.1% in healthy pregnant women and 16.6% in GDM patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency of isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia in women with gestational diabetes mellitus in a moderately iodine-deficient area

Oğuz

Tüzün

Şahin

et al. 2015

Gynecological Endocrinology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency of isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia in women with gestational diabetes mellitus in a moderately iodine-deficient area

Oğuz

Tüzün

Şahin

et al. 2015

Gynecological Endocrinology

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“…Though thyroid antibodies may not increase GDM risk in pregnant euthyroid women, overt hypothyroidism during pregnancy increases the risk of developing diabetes later in life [34,35]. Women with a history of GDM also have an increased risk of developing postpartum thyroiditis [36].…”

Section: Diabetes Mellitus Thyroid Dysfunction and Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid Dysfunction and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Screening Strategies and Implications for Management

Kalra

Aggarwal²,

Khandelwal

2019

Diabetes Ther

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) and thyroid dysfunction (TD) often tend to coexist in patients. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are more common in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients than in their nondiabetic counterparts. Current guidelines are neither clear nor specific about the frequency of thyroid function monitoring in T2DM patients. Circulating thyroid hormones affect several different organs and cells, have a major impact on glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism, and can worsen glycaemic control in T2DM. Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis can worsen subclinical DM and cause hyperglycaemia in T2DM patients, increasing the risk of diabetic complications. T2DM reduces thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and impairs the conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) in the peripheral tissues. Poorly managed T2DM can lead to insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia, which causes thyroid tissue proliferation and increases nodule formation and goitre size. In addition, while metformin can be beneficial in both T2DM and TD patients, other antidiabetics such as sulfonylureas, pioglitazone, and thiazolidinediones can negatively impact TD. Antithyroid drugs such as methimazole can impair glycaemic control in T2DM patients. Thyrovigilance in T2DM patients and diabetovigilance in TD patients may therefore be necessary to facilitate individualized care and management.

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“…Other conditions that can predispose to develop PPT, such as gestational diabetes (68), are summarized in Table 2. Also, PPT may develop years after irradiation of the neck for lymphoma (69).…”

Section: Postpartum Thyroid Autoimmunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Autoimmune Abnormalities of Postpartum Thyroid Diseases

et al. 2017

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The year following parturition is a critical time for the de novo appearance or exacerbation of autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune thyroid disease. The vast majority of postpartum thyroid disease consists of postpartum thyroiditis (PPT) and the minority by Graves’ disease and non-autoimmune thyroiditis. PPT has a worldwide prevalence ranging from 1 to 22% and averaging 5% based on a review published in 2012. Several factors confer risk for the development of PPT. Typically, the clinical course of PPT is characterized by three phases: thyrotoxic, hypothyroid, and euthyroid phase. Approximately half of PPT women will have permanent hypothyroidism. The best humoral marker for predictivity, already during the first trimester of gestation, is considered positivity for thyroperoxidase autoantibodies (TPOAb), though only one-third to half of such TPOAb-positive pregnant women will develop PPT. Nutraceuticals (such as selenium) or omega-3-fatty acid supplements seem to have a role in prevention of PPT. In a recent study on pregnant women with stable dietary habits, we found that the fish consumers had lower rates of positivity (and lower serum levels) of both TPOAb and thyroglobulin Ab compared to meat eaters. Finally, we remind the reader of other diseases that can be observed in the postpartum period, either autoimmune or non-autoimmune, thyroid or non-thyroid.

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Evaluation of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity in gestational diabetes mellitus and its relationship with postpartum thyroiditis

Cited by 29 publications

References 39 publications

Frequency of isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia in women with gestational diabetes mellitus in a moderately iodine-deficient area

Frequency of isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia in women with gestational diabetes mellitus in a moderately iodine-deficient area

Thyroid Dysfunction and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Screening Strategies and Implications for Management

Autoimmune Abnormalities of Postpartum Thyroid Diseases

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