Evaluation of three experimental bovine viral diarrhea virus killed vaccines adjuvanted with combinations of Quil A cholesterol and dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA) bromide

Abstract

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections cause respiratory, reproductive, and enteric disease in cattle. Vaccination raises herd resistance and limits the spread of BVDV among cattle. Both killed and modified live vaccines against BVDV are available. While modified live vaccines elicit an immune response with a broader range and a longer duration of immunity, killed vaccines are considered to be safer. One way to improve the performance of killed vaccines is to develop new adjuvants. The goal of this research was evaluate new adjuvants, consisting of combinations of Quil A cholesterol and dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA) bromide, for use in killed vaccines. Responses to three novel killed vaccines, using combinations of Quil A and DDA as adjuvants, were compared to responses to a commercial modified live and a commercial killed vaccine. Vaccination response was monitored by measuring viral neutralizing antibodies (VN) levels and by response to challenge. All three novel vaccines were efficacious based on reduction in virus isolation, pyrexia, and depression. Compared to a commercial killed vaccine, the three novel vaccines elicited higher VN levels and reduced injection site inflammation.

Efficacy of multivalent, modified- live virus (MLV) vaccines administered to early weaned beef calves subsequently challenged with virulent Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2

“…The higher proportion of calves with viremia and virus shedding observed in group D could have been a consequence of the presence of more specific maternal antibodies induced by previous vaccination of the dams with vaccine D. The presence of more specific BVDV antibodies induced by vaccine D on colostra from the dams could have exerted a more efficient blockage of humoral cell responses of calves vaccinated with D. Similar results were detected in a recent study in which lower antibody levels to BVDV 1a, BVDV 1b, and BVDV 2 and a higher proportion of viremia after BVDV 2 challenge were observed in calves 42 days after vaccination with D [ 19 ]. Protection against viremia and virus shedding after experimental challenge with BVDV of calves vaccinated with MLV BVDV vaccines has been commonly associated with activation of T cell mediated immune responses independent of the induction of an adequate antibody response [ 11 , 13 , 14 ].…”

“…High levels of BVDV-specific antibodies from colostrum or vaccination effectively protect calves against severe clinical disease induced by challenge with virulent BVDV [ 3 , 9 ]; however, prevention of viremia and virus shedding are variable in cattle vaccinated with MLV vaccines and subsequently challenged with virulent BVDV [ 17 - 19 ]. In the current study, calves from all groups had similar clinical scores and rectal temperatures, and mortality was not observed after challenge with virulent BVDV 2 1373.…”

Neutralizing antibody titers against field strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus after vaccination with three commercial vaccines

“…Although the efficiency of inactivated vaccines is strongly and directly related to antigen concentration, the number and route of administration, individual immunity discrepancies, specificity of detection methods, type of adjuvant, and strains of virus selected for vaccination are also critical factors for the level of antibodies detected after BVDV immunization (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). In previous studies, effects of vaccine types on the level of immune response (22), differences in cross-protective immune response between different BVDV subgenotypes (23), or adverse effect, i.e.…”

Bovine Respiratory Disease Vaccination Against Viral Pathogens

“…[8][9][10][11] In contrast, KV vaccines induce strong humoral responses but less robust cell-mediated immunity and require at least 2 doses 21 days apart to provide protection. 12 Several studies have evaluated the effect of MLV and KV vaccines on the prevention of BRD in calves of different ages, immune status, and production settings. [13][14][15][16][17] Among practitioners, it is thought that MLV vaccines provide better clinical protection against BRD compared with KV 4 ; however, selection of vaccination protocols should be based on field (naturally occurring) BRD vaccine-efficacy trials that provide strong evidence on vaccine selection for BRD prevention.…”

“…Thirteen studies evaluated the effect of vaccination of beef calves around the time of weaning with MLV or KV vaccines on BRD-associated morbidity and mortality after experimental challenge with respiratory viruses. 12,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] In all studies, calves were vaccinated between 5 and 12 months of age, and experimental inoculation/exposure occurred between 3 and 230 days after vaccination. In 11 studies calves were challenged with BVDV; one study used BHV-1 and one study used BRSV as challenge agents.…”