Evaluation of Three Animal Models for Concussion and Serious Brain Injury

Viano, David C.; Hamberger, Anders; Bolouri, Hayde; Säljö, Annette

doi:10.1007/s10439-011-0386-2

Cited by 21 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…We selectively used three traditional fall heights, which were obtained from conditions identical to those in the original impact acceleration model by Marmarou [4, 5]. The induction of behavioral and neuropathological changes in our study is similar to that of earlier studies that used identical or similar models [17, 18, 23]. We observed that the neurological scores and functional beam balance varied with impact force and acceleration; an impact height of less than 1 m produced no or mild impaired functional behaviors, whereas increasing the impact height to 1.5 and 2.0 m significantly increased impaired functional behaviors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Relationship of mechanical impact magnitude to neurologic dysfunction severity in a rat traumatic brain injury model

et al. 2017

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ObjectiveTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major brain injury type commonly caused by traffic accidents, falls, violence, or sports injuries. To obtain mechanistic insights about TBI, experimental animal models such as weight-drop-induced TBI in rats have been developed to mimic closed-head injury in humans. However, the relationship between the mechanical impact level and neurological severity following weight-drop-induced TBI remains uncertain. In this study, we comprehensively investigated the relationship between physical impact and graded severity at various weight-drop heights.ApproachThe acceleration, impact force, and displacement during the impact were accurately measured using an accelerometer, a pressure sensor, and a high-speed camera, respectively. In addition, the longitudinal changes in neurological deficits and balance function were investigated at 1, 4, and 7 days post TBI lesion. The inflammatory expression markers tested by Western blot analysis, including glial fibrillary acidic protein, beta-amyloid precursor protein, and bone marrow tyrosine kinase gene in chromosome X, in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and corpus callosum were investigated at 1 and 7 days post-lesion.ResultsGradations in impact pressure produced progressive degrees of injury severity in the neurological score and balance function. Western blot analysis demonstrated that all inflammatory expression markers were increased at 1 and 7 days post-impact injury when compared to the sham control rats. The severity of neurologic dysfunction and induction in inflammatory markers strongly correlated with the graded mechanical impact levels.ConclusionsWe conclude that the weight-drop-induced TBI model can produce graded brain injury and induction of neurobehavioral deficits and may have translational relevance to developing therapeutic strategies for TBI.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Relationship of mechanical impact magnitude to neurologic dysfunction severity in a rat traumatic brain injury model

et al. 2017

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“…Methods to dissipate energy across the skull and allow greater skull movement upon impact by using flexible platforms can shift the injury type from a more focal to a more diffuse pattern. In the Marmarou method, for example, the rodent’s head is supported on a thick block of foam or gel that allows partial head acceleration, which causes moderate to severe brain injury with DAI, which is characterized by prominent amyloid precursor protein (APP) immunostaining (Foda and Marmarou, 1994; Marmarou et al, 1994; Viano et al, 2012). Recently, Kane et al described a new murine CHI model (Kane et al, 2012) characterized by a completely unrestrained head and body.…”

Section: Closed Head Injury Models Of Tbimentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards clinical management of traumatic brain injury: a review of models and mechanisms from a biomechanical perspective

Namjoshi

Good²,

Cheng

et al. 2013

Disease Models &Amp; Mechanisms

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major worldwide healthcare problem. Despite promising outcomes from many preclinical studies, the failure of several clinical studies to identify effective therapeutic and pharmacological approaches for TBI suggests that methods to improve the translational potential of preclinical studies are highly desirable. Rodent models of TBI are increasingly in demand for preclinical research, particularly for closed head injury (CHI), which mimics the most common type of TBI observed clinically. Although seemingly simple to establish, CHI models are particularly prone to experimental variability. Promisingly, bioengineering-oriented research has advanced our understanding of the nature of the mechanical forces and resulting head and brain motion during TBI. However, many neuroscience-oriented laboratories lack guidance with respect to fundamental biomechanical principles of TBI. Here, we review key historical and current literature that is relevant to the investigation of TBI from clinical, physiological and biomechanical perspectives, and comment on how the current challenges associated with rodent TBI models, particularly those involving CHI, could be improved.

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“…To date, concussion research has primarily focused on the high school, college, and professional levels of play. The NFL has conducted extensive concussion research, where select impacts were reconstructed using instru mented crash test dummies to further understand the impact con ditions and biomechanics associated with concussions [12][13][14][15][16][17]. However, this work was mostly limited to reconstructions of open-field impacts in which one player sustained a concussion, which resulted in a biased dataset that was too heavily weighted toward concussion for appropriate risk analyses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Head Impact Exposure in Youth Football: Middle School Ages 12–14 Years

Daniel

Rowson

Duma

2014

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering

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The head impact exposure experienced by football players at the college and high school levels has been well documented; however, there are limited data regarding youth football despite its dramatically larger population. The objective of this study was to investigate head impact exposure in middle school football. Impacts were monitored using a commercially available accelerometer array installed inside the helmets of 17 players aged 12-14 years. A total of 4678 impacts were measured, with an average (±standard deviation) of 275 ± 190 impacts per player. The average of impact distributions for each player had a median impact of 22 ± 2 g and 954 ± 122 rad/s², and a 95th percentile impact of 54 ± 9 g and 2525 ± 450 rad/s². Similar to the head impact exposure experienced by high school and collegiate players, these data show that middle school football players experience a greater number of head impacts during games than practices. There were no significant differences between median and 95th percentile head acceleration magnitudes experienced during games and practices; however, a larger number of impacts greater than 80 g occurred during games than during practices. Impacts to the front and back of the helmet were most common. Overall, these data are similar to high school and college data that have been collected using similar methods. These data have applications toward youth football helmet design, the development of strategies designed to limit head impact exposure, and child-specific brain injury criteria.

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Evaluation of Three Animal Models for Concussion and Serious Brain Injury

Cited by 21 publications

References 50 publications

Relationship of mechanical impact magnitude to neurologic dysfunction severity in a rat traumatic brain injury model

Relationship of mechanical impact magnitude to neurologic dysfunction severity in a rat traumatic brain injury model

Towards clinical management of traumatic brain injury: a review of models and mechanisms from a biomechanical perspective

Head Impact Exposure in Youth Football: Middle School Ages 12–14 Years

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