Evaluation of Thermally Modified Wood by Means of Stress Wave and Ultrasound Nondestructive Methods

Abstract

The paper aimed at studying the potential of two nondestructive methods to estimate the wood mechanical properties and mass loss due to thermal treatments. In this study, a low-density tropical hardwood species Simarouba amara (marupá) was used. Forty small beams with dimensions of (25 × 25 × 400) mm (width × thickness × length) were cut from this species. Initially, the beams were nondestructively tested using stress wave and ultrasound methods. Stress wave velocity (Swv), ultrasound velocity (V LL), dynamic modulus of elasticity (E d) and stiffness coefficient (C LL) were longitudinally determined. Afterwards, the beams were thermally treated using a chamber without air circulation under atmospheric pressure. Two schedules were tested: 160 ºC for 180 minutes and 200 ºC for 70 minutes. Mass loss (ML) due to thermal treatment was calculated and the thermally treated material was again nondestructively evaluated. Afterwards, modulus of rupture (f m), modulus of elasticity (E M) and parallel compression strength (f c,0) of treated material were assessed. Backward linear multiple regression analysis was run in order to estimate these properties. Parameters investigated through nondestructive testing (before and after treatment) and derivative variables were used as independent variables, totaling 12 variables. For both treatment schedules, all parameters related to nondestructive techniques were affected by the thermal treatment, thus acoustic velocities and stiffness values were improved. It was found that all evaluated properties of treated material could be modeled at a reasonable level (R 2 = 0.392 to 0.874) depending on the nondestructive method and treatment schedule used. Nevertheless, ultrasound method fitted the most suitable models for a large number of properties. The utilization of variables from both methods together yielded better models whose R 2 value ranged from 0.466 (f m) to 0.941 (E M). It was found that the most important nondestructive variables which entered into the models were: Swv before and after treatment, V LL after treatment, E d before treatment and C LL after treatment. Finally, it could be concluded that stress wave and ultrasound nondestructive methods presented great potential to evaluate properties of thermally treated wood material.

Nondestructive Characterization of Dry Heat-Treated Fir (Abies Alba Mill.) Timber in View of Possible Structural Use

“…In the heat treatment of wood up to approx. 200 • C, the increase in the ultrasound velocity, especially in the longitudinal direction of the wood, which is equivalent to a specific modulus of elasticity (E/ρ), is also indicated by other studies [41,42]. Elastomechanical anisotropy of heat-treated wood has not been widely studied so far.…”

Defect Characteristics and Online Detection Techniques During Manufacturing of FRPs Using Automated Fiber Placement: A Review

“…Stress waves can identify internal defects because the defects can change the characteristics of stress wave propagation. The stress wave has been widely used in non-destructive testing in the field of geology [125][126][127], tree damage diagnosis [128][129][130], and composites [131][132][133][134][135]. Han et al [111] used the stress wave to detect online the internal defects during the AFP process, where continuous loading induced by the process itself was used as an excitation source without another external excitation (see Figure 12).…”

Tratamento Termomecânico e seus Efeitos nas Propriedades da Simarouba amara (Aubl.)

“…Em outros estudos, Del Menezzi et al (2014) trabalharam com Simarouba amara tratada termicamente e concluíram através do teste T-pareado que no T1 Embora esses estudos apontem conclusões distintas, há concordância em que o tratamento térmico ou termomecânico altera as propriedades da madeira e de painéis, o que ratifica os resultados aqui encontrados.…”