Evaluation of the WHO human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody testing strategy for the diagnosis of HIV infection

Urassa, Willy; Matunda, Sylvester; Bredberg-Rådén, Ulla; Mhalu, Fred; Biberfeld, Gunnel

doi:10.1016/0928-0197(94)90030-2

Cited by 27 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Discordant results were resolved using the Western blot test (Bio-Rad Laboratories Ltd., Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, UK). 11 Syphilis tests were performed using the venereal disease research laboratory test (Murex Biotech, Dartford, UK) and Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (Fujirebio Inc, Tokyo, Japan). Standard laboratory procedures were used to test endocervical and high vaginal swabs for Neisseria gonorrhoea , Candida albicans , and Trichomonas vaginalis .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and risk factors for skin diseases among antiretroviral‐naïve HIV‐infected pregnant women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

et al. 2014

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Background Reduced cell-mediated immunity associated with pregnancy may cause a flaring or exacerbation of some skin conditions. Little is known about the magnitude of and risk factors for skin diseases among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected antiretroviral therapy-naïve pregnant women. Methods Cross-sectional study of 1078 HIV-infected antiretroviral therapy-naïve pregnant women was conducted in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Skin diagnoses were mainly clinical. Log-binomial regression models were used to explore factors associated with the outcomes. Results About 84% of the women were in World Health Organization (WHO) HIV stage I. Median CD4+ count was 405 × 106 cells/l. The prevalence of any skin disease was 18%. Fungal infections (11%), genital ulcers (7%), and viral infections (5%) were the most common skin conditions. Skin infections were 2.64 times more common in HIV stage III (95% CI 1.51–4.62) compared to stage I. Fungal infections were 1.77 times common among single, divorced, and widowed women than among married women (95% CI 1.16–2.69), 2.8 times common among women in HIV stage III (95% CI 1.18–6.64) compared to stage I. Genital ulcers were significantly more common among women whose source of income was their own compared with those who got full support from partners, and among WHO HIV stage III disease compared to stage I. Conclusion The burden of skin diseases was relatively low. Advanced HIV stage was associated with a range of skin conditions. CD4+ cell count was not related to skin infection prevalence.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and risk factors for skin diseases among antiretroviral‐naïve HIV‐infected pregnant women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

et al. 2014

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“…HIV-1 serostatus was determined by the Enzygnost anti-HIV-1/2 Plus assay (Dade Behring, Germany) followed by the Wellcozyme HIV-1 recombinant test (Murex Biotech Ltd, Dartford, UK). Discordant results were resolved using Western blot test (Bio-Rad Laboratories Ltd., Hertfordshire, UK) [12].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D Status of HIV-Infected Women and Its Association with HIV Disease Progression, Anemia, and Mortality

et al. 2010

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BackgroundVitamin D has a potential role in slowing HIV disease progression and preventing mortality based on its extensive involvement in the immune system; however, this relationship has not been examined in large studies or in resource-limited settings.Methodology/Principal FindingsVitamin D levels were assessed in 884 HIV-infected pregnant women at enrollment in a trial of multivitamin supplementation (not including vitamin D) in Tanzania. Women were followed up for a median of 69.5 months, and information on hemoglobin levels, HIV disease progression, and mortality was recorded. Proportional hazard models and generalized estimating equations were used to assess the relationship of these outcomes with vitamin D status.Conclusions/SignificanceLow vitamin D status (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D<32ng/mL) was significantly associated with progression to WHO HIV disease stage III or greater in multivariate models (incidence rate ratio [RR]: 1.25; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.05, 1.50). No significant relationship was observed between vitamin D status and T-cell counts during follow-up. Women with low vitamin D status had 46% higher risk of developing severe anemia during follow-up, compared to women with adequate vitamin D levels (RR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.96). Women in the highest vitamin D quintile had a 42% lower risk of all-cause mortality, compared to the lowest quintile (RR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.84). Vitamin D status had a protective association with HIV disease progression, all-cause mortality, and development of anemia during follow-up in HIV-infected women. If confirmed in randomized trials, vitamin D supplementation could represent a simple and inexpensive method to prolonging the time to initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients, particularly in resource-limited settings.

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“…Discordant ELISA results were resolved by Western blot (Bio-Rad Laboratories Ltd, Hertfordshire, UK) assay (17) .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of anaemia and iron deficiency in HIV-infected pregnant women in Tanzania: a potential role for vitamin D and parasitic infections

Finkelstein

Mehta

Duggan

et al. 2011

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective Anaemia is common during pregnancy, and prenatal Fe supplementation is the standard of care. However, the persistence of anaemia despite Fe supplementation, particularly in HIV infection, suggests that its aetiology may be more complex and warrants further investigation. The present study was conducted to examine predictors of incident haematological outcomes in HIV-infected pregnant women in Tanzania. Design Prospective cohort study. Cox proportional hazards and binomial regression models were used to identify predictors of incident haematological outcomes: anaemia (Hb < 110 g/l), severe anaemia (Hb < 85 g/l) and hypochromic microcytosis, during the follow-up period. Setting Antenatal clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Subjects Participants were 904 HIV-infected pregnant women enrolled in a randomized trial of vitamins (1995–1997). Results Malaria, pathogenic protozoan and hookworm infections at baseline were associated with a two-fold increase in the risk of anaemia and hypochromic microcytosis during follow-up. Higher baseline erythrocyte sedimentation rate and CD8 T-cell concentrations, and lower Hb concentrations and CD4 T-cell counts, were independent predictors of incident anaemia and Fe deficiency. Low baseline vitamin D (<32 ng/ml) concentrations predicted a 1·4 and 2·3 times greater risk of severe anaemia and hypochromic microcytosis, respectively, during the follow-up period. Conclusions Parasitic infections, vitamin D insufficiency, low CD4 T-cell count and high erythrocyte sedimentation rate were the main predictors of anaemia and Fe deficiency in pregnancy and the postpartum period in this population. A comprehensive approach to prevent and manage anaemia, including micronutrient supplementation and infectious disease control, is warranted in HIV-infected women in resource-limited settings – particularly during the pre- and postpartum periods.

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Evaluation of the WHO human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody testing strategy for the diagnosis of HIV infection

Cited by 27 publications

References 8 publications

Prevalence and risk factors for skin diseases among antiretroviral‐naïve HIV‐infected pregnant women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Prevalence and risk factors for skin diseases among antiretroviral‐naïve HIV‐infected pregnant women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Vitamin D Status of HIV-Infected Women and Its Association with HIV Disease Progression, Anemia, and Mortality

Predictors of anaemia and iron deficiency in HIV-infected pregnant women in Tanzania: a potential role for vitamin D and parasitic infections

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