Evaluation of the Water Scarcity Energy Cost for Users

Fontanazza, Chiara Maria; Freni, Gabriele; Loggia, Goffredo La; Notaro, Vincenza; Puleo, Valeria

doi:10.3390/en6010220

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, in most of the sites of Sicily, users nowadays have to pay a large amount for energy needed to draw water from the public network because of private storage tanks and pumping systems [54]. With regard to the benefits related to the RWH system installation, only the benefits due to the potable water saving have been considered.…”

Section: Cost-benefit Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Reliability Analysis of a Rainfall Harvesting System in Southern Italy

Liuzzo

Notaro

Freni

2016

Water

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Abstract:Rainwater harvesting (RWH) may be an effective alternative water supply solution in regions affected by water scarcity. It has recently become a particularly important option in arid and semi-arid areas (like Mediterranean basins), mostly because of its many benefits and affordable costs. This study provides an analysis of the reliability of using a rainwater harvesting system to supply water for toilet flushing and garden irrigation purposes, with reference to a single-family home in a residential area of Sicily (Southern Italy). A flushing water demand pattern was evaluated using water consumption data collected from a sample of residential customers during an extended measurement campaign. A daily water balance simulation of the rainwater storage tank was performed, and the yield-after-spillage algorithm was used to define the tank release rule. The model's performance was evaluated using rainfall data from more than 100 different sites located throughout the Sicilian territory. This regional analysis provided annual reliability curves for the system as a function of mean annual precipitation, which have practical applications in this area of study. The uncertainty related to the regional model predictions was also assessed. A cost-benefit analysis highlighted that the implementation of a rainwater harvesting system in Sicily can provide environmental and economic advantages over traditional water supply methods. In particular, the regional analysis identified areas where the application of this system would be most effective.

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Section: Cost-benefit Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the users are prepared for unexpected interruption of the supply service. Therefore, in most of the sites of Sicily, users nowadays have to pay a large amount for energy needed to draw water from the public network because of private storage tanks and pumping systems [54]. Table 4.…”

Section: Cost-benefit Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Reliability Analysis of a Rainfall Harvesting System in Southern Italy

Liuzzo

Notaro

Freni

2016

Water

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“…Average water losses are in the range of 40%: the Scillato water supply system is characterised by higher losses (52.5%); Gabriele and Jato systems are newer and characterised by lower leakage volumes (27.8% and 24% respectively). Details about the system and about Palermo water supply may be found in Fontanazza et al [21][22][23]. The current baseline showed that GHG production is mainly due to energy consumption (for pumping and treatment) and to direct production of GHG during treatment that can be neglected in the present study.…”

Section: The Water Supply System In Palermomentioning

confidence: 61%

Energy, water and environmental balance of a complex water supply system

Sambito¹,

Puleo²,

Freni³

2015

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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The present paper describes the analysis of water and energy balance in a complex urban water supply system. The analysis was carried out employing Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodologies. The LCA approach was integrated with the analysis of the system energy and water balance. For a real size water supply system, based on the results of the individual LCAs, the current baseline was constructed highlighting the water, energy and environmental (in terms of CO 2eq emissions in the atmosphere) costs of supplied water. Then, three different mitigation measures have been evaluated: the first is based on energy production by installation of photovoltaic systems; the second is based on energy recovery by means of hydraulic turbines, exploiting the available pressure potential to produce energy; the third based on energy optimization of pumping stations by installing inverter systems, replacement of rotors with optimized blade profiles and installation of automation systems and self-control. Also the possibility of substituting some of the pipes of the water supply system was considered in the recovery scenario in order to reduce leakages and recovery the energy needed for leakages transport and treatment. The analysis of the results shown that energy recovery scenario is the most reliable solution even without any pipe substitution. Thanks to the recovery of energy and limiting the environmental impact of the system, the CO2eq production per cubic meter of supplied water was reduced from 0.41 to 0.07 kg CO 2eq /m 3 of supplied water.

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“…The users' local tanks are often larger than necessary. Therefore, this configuration, coupled with intermittent distribution, contributes to inequalities among users in term of both water volume [12] and energy cost [13]. In addition, the periodic emptying and filling periods stress the pipe network by causing the number of leaks and, consequently, the amount of energy consumed by the water utility company to increase [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Environmental Analysis of the Effect of Energy Saving, Production and Recovery Measures on Water Supply Systems under Scarcity Conditions

2015

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Water is one of the primary resources provided for maintaining quality of life and social status in urban areas. As potable water is considered to be a primary need, water service has usually been managed without examining the economic and environmental sustainability of supply processes. Currently, due to increases in energy costs and the growth of environment preservation policies, reducing water leakage, energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) production have become primary objectives in reducing the environmental footprint of water service. The present paper suggests the implementation of some performance indicators that show the interdependence of water loss, energy consumption and GHG emission. These indicators are used to compare a few possible mitigation scenarios involving water loss reduction and increasing the system's energy efficiency. The proposed indicators were applied to a complex urban water supply system serving the city of Palermo (Italy).

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Evaluation of the Water Scarcity Energy Cost for Users

Cited by 12 publications

References 26 publications

A Reliability Analysis of a Rainfall Harvesting System in Southern Italy

A Reliability Analysis of a Rainfall Harvesting System in Southern Italy

Energy, water and environmental balance of a complex water supply system

An Environmental Analysis of the Effect of Energy Saving, Production and Recovery Measures on Water Supply Systems under Scarcity Conditions

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