Evaluation of the vehicle contributions of metals to indoor environments

Wang, Jingya; Liu, Wan-Tzu; Lin, Pyng Jing; Tsai, Ching-Tsan; Cheng, M. Samuel

doi:10.1038/jes.2012.55

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The PCA technique is one of the multivariate analyses that have been successfully applied for source identication. 6,27,51 PCA is adapted to quantitative variables, which transforms u possibly correlated variables into u uncorrelated variables, referred to as principal components. 52 PCA proposes to explain the maximum amount of variance with the fewest number of principal components (PCs) and minimum loss of relevant information.…”

Section: Statistical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Enrichment factors (EFs) have been widely used to distinguish between anthropogenic inuences and natural background View Article Online contents, 6,65,66 despite the intrinsic shortcomings associated with factors such as the variable composition of the local substrate or the impact of biogeochemical processes. 67 In this study, the EFs were used as screening tool to ascertain relevant PTEs to be included in the source apportionment study.…”

Section: Source Identication and Apportionmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While a large body of literature is devoted to suspended particulate matter in the indoor environment, [3][4][5][6][7] to date, fewer studies have focused on the characterisation of indoor dust deposited in the oor from residential homes, which is commonly designated as household dust. 8,9 However, incidental ingestion of household dust is an important non-dietary pathway for some hazardous substances leading to potential health risks, especially for children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lead and zinc concentrations in household dust and toenails of the residents (Estarreja, Portugal): a source-pathway-fate model

Reis

Cave

Sousa

et al. 2018

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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This paper describes a methodology developed to assess and apportion probable indoor and outdoor sources of potentially toxic elements while identifying chemical signatures in the household dust collected from private homes in an industrial city (Estarreja, central Portugal). Oral bioaccessibility estimates and the chemical composition of toenail clippings were used to assess indoor dust ingestion as a potential exposure pathway and further investigate exposure-biomarker relationships. Indoor and paired outdoor dust samples were collected from each household. A total of 30 individuals, who provided toenail clippings and a self-reported questionnaire, were recruited for the study. Total concentrations of 34 elements, including lead and zinc, were determined in washed toenail samples and household dust via Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. The oral bioaccessibility was estimated using the Unified BARGE Method. The enrichment factor shows that lead was enriched (10 < EF < 100) while zinc (EF > 100) was anomalously enriched in the household dust, thus indicating potential exposure in the home environment. The results from principal component analysis coupled to cluster analysis and linear discriminant analysis suggested that mixed contamination derived from multiple sources with a predominance of biomass burning. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed to model toenail data using the indoor dust elemental composition. Whereas the model obtained for lead was not reliable, indoor dust zinc and antimony contents arose as good predictors of toenail zinc. The exposure-biomarker relationships seem to be influenced by the oral bioaccessibility of the elements.

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Section: Statistical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Source Identication and Apportionmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lead and zinc concentrations in household dust and toenails of the residents (Estarreja, Portugal): a source-pathway-fate model

Reis

Cave

Sousa

et al. 2018

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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“…In Taiwan, several contaminants have been found in local soil and dust, such as heavy metals, 22,23 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 24 and brominated flame retardants. 25 Young children may spend more time playing on the floor or horizontal surfaces and have a greater chance contacting soil and dust because of their unique pediatric activity patterns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil ingestion rates for children under 3 years old in Taiwan

Chien

Tsou

Hsi

et al. 2015

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Soil and dust ingestion rates by children are among the most critical exposure factors in determining risks to children from exposures to environmental contaminants in soil and dust. We believe this is the first published soil ingestion study for children in Taiwan using tracer element methodology. In this study, 66 children under 3 years of age were enrolled from Taiwan. Three days of fecal samples and a 24-h duplicate food sample were collected. The soil and household dust samples were also collected from children's homes. Soil ingestion rates were estimated based on silicon (Si) and titanium (Ti). The average soil ingestion rates were 9.6±19.2 mg/day based on Si as a tracer. The estimated soil ingestion rates based on Si did not have statistically significant differences by children's age and gender, although the average soil ingestion rates clearly increased as a function of children's age category. The estimated soil ingestion rates based on Si was significantly and positively correlated with the sum of indoor and outdoor hand-to-mouth frequency rates. The average soil ingestion rates based on Si were generally lower than the results from previous studies for the US children. Ti may not be a suitable tracer for estimating soil ingestion rates in Taiwan because the Ti dioxide is a common additive in food. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that investigated the correlations between soil ingestion rates and mouthing behaviors in Taiwan or other parts of Asia. It is also the first study that could compare available soil ingestion data from different countries and/or different cultures. The hand-to-mouth frequency and health habits are important to estimate the soil ingestion exposure for children. The results in this study are particularly important when assessing children's exposure and potential health risk from nearby contaminated soils in Taiwan.

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“…Moreover, young children might have a greater chance of contacting soil and dust which reside on the floor or horizontal surfaces, due to their unique pediatric activity patterns. Previous studies had shown that some contaminants such as heavy metals 44; 45 , polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 46 and brominated flame retardants 47 were found in soil and dust in Taiwan. Such pollutant concentration data are also helpful to estimate the parameters necessary for predicting the non-dietary exposures to contaminants in soil and dust, by young children living in Taiwan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mouthing activity data for children aged 7 to 35 months in Taiwan

Tsou

Özkaynak

Beamer

et al. 2014

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Young children’s mouthing activities thought to be among the most important exposure pathways. Unfortunately, mouthing activity studies have only been conducted in a few countries. In the current study, we used videotaping and computer-based translating method to obtain mouthing activity data for 66 children aged 7 to 35 months old in Taiwan. The median indoor hand-to-mouth and object-to-mouth frequencies were 8.91 and 11.39 contacts h−1, respectively. The median indoor hand-to-mouth and object-to-mouth hourly contact durations were 0.34 and 0.46 min h−1, respectively. The indoor object-to-mouth activities were significantly and negatively correlated with age. Children aged 12 to <24 months in the current study had lower indoor hand-to-mouth and object-to-mouth frequencies than children of same age group in the United States. We also found that indoor mouthing duration with pacifier was significantly and negatively correlated with indoor mouthing duration with other non-dietary objects. The results of the current study indicate that the mouthing behaviors might be different between different countries or populations with different ethnic or lifestyle characteristics. We conclude that using hand-to-mouth frequency values from the current literature may not be most reliable for estimating non-dietary exposures of young children living in Taiwan or even in other similar Asian countries.

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Evaluation of the vehicle contributions of metals to indoor environments

Cited by 17 publications

References 31 publications

Lead and zinc concentrations in household dust and toenails of the residents (Estarreja, Portugal): a source-pathway-fate model

Lead and zinc concentrations in household dust and toenails of the residents (Estarreja, Portugal): a source-pathway-fate model

Soil ingestion rates for children under 3 years old in Taiwan

Mouthing activity data for children aged 7 to 35 months in Taiwan

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