“…Impedance based methods have included the Malthus, Bactometer, Rabit and Bactrac (Russell, 2000;Duran & Marshall, 2002;Sherry, Patterson, Kilpatrick, & Madden, 2006), and optical methods -VITEK (Odumeru et al, 1999) and MicroFoss (Odumeru & Belvedere, 2002). However, some tests, especially those requiring additional instrumentation, have been hampered by their complexity, high costs, limited applicability to and/or interferences by complex food samples.…”