Evaluation of the toxicity of onyx compared with n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate in the subarachnoid space of a rabbit model: an experimental research

Abstract

This experimental study suggests that NBCA, and various concentrations of onyx and DMSO have toxic effects on the neural tissues of rabbits when infused into the subarachnoid space.

Early side effects after embolization of a carotid body tumor using Onyx

“…Animal studies have shown DMSO itself tends to be angiotoxic and neurotoxic. 18 In the present case, we chose to use Onyx because in our experience it enables a more extensive filling with fewer punctures compared with acrylic glue. Onyx can be injected as slowly as necessary for precise delivery, and the injection can even be stopped to check the degree of embolization and be restarted later.…”

Temperature-Sensitive poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide-Co-Butyl Methylacrylate) Nanogel as an Embolic Agent: Distribution, Durability of Vascular Occlusion, and Inflammatory Reactions in the Renal Artery of Rabbits

“…4 Precipitating liquid embolics (eg, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers) was always dissolved in organic solvent (eg, dimethyl-sulfoxide) to perform embolization, but the organic solvent had been reported to induce high toxicity with vascular failure, bleeding, and vascular necrosis in animal experiments. 5,28,29 Another reason for material-related toxicity is attributed to the heat generated during polymerization and release of toxic components (acrylacetate and formaldehyde) for polymerizing liquid embolics (eg, cyanoacrylates). 1,4,5 Unlike these materials, PIB does not need organic solvent in preparation, making it perfect for avoiding the related potential toxicity.…”

“…5,28,29 Another reason for material-related toxicity is attributed to the heat generated during polymerization and release of toxic components (acrylacetate and formaldehyde) for polymerizing liquid embolics (eg, cyanoacrylates). 1,4,5 Unlike these materials, PIB does not need organic solvent in preparation, making it perfect for avoiding the related potential toxicity. It is a thermosensitive copolymer and becomes a gelatinous solid at body temperature without releasing heat and toxic components.…”

“…However, several problems have arisen, such as adhesiveness to the catheter and artery, complicated handling, and toxicity to living tissue. 1,4,5 Therefore, it is necessary to search for an ideal embolic material to overcome these disadvantages. Temperature-sensitive hydrogels can remain in liquid solution state at low temperature and become a gelatinous solid at temperatures above their LCST.…”

Glue-Enhanced Excimer Laser-Assisted Nonocclusive Anastomosis: A Laboratory Investigation

“…As a consequence, the clinical application may be problematic in intracranial procedures complicated by the depth of the craniotomy, the high working distances, the tiny spaces, the high angulations, and the cerebrospinal fluid flow. Additionally, the effects of cyanoacrylate on the neural tissues when infused into the subarachnoid space seem to be toxic [19], and more studies should be done to guarantee the safety of the procedure.…”