Evaluation of the TNO Random-Dot Stereogram Test

Okuda, Faye C.; Azamfirei, Leonard; Wanter, Beverly S.

doi:10.1080/0065955x.1977.11982436

Cited by 49 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Stereopsis was tested with the TNO-test for stereoscopic vision. It demands participants to distinguish figures from a background in random dot figures within thirty seconds (Okuda and Wanters, 1977). Six participants of insufficient stereoptic ability were excluded from further participation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of stereopsis in virtual anatomical learning

Luursema

Verwey

Kommers

et al. 2008

Interacting with Computers

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of stereopsis in virtual anatomical learning

Luursema

Verwey

Kommers

et al. 2008

Interacting with Computers

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“…The first test involved the TNO-test for stereoscopic vision which requires participants to distinguish figures from a background in randomdot figures within one minute (Okuda and Wanters, 1977). On the basis of this test result, four subjects were excluded from further participation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing conditions for computer-assisted anatomical learning

Luursema

Verwey

Kommers

et al. 2006

Interacting with Computers

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An experiment evaluated the impact of two typical features of virtual learning environments on anatomical learning for users of differing visuo-spatial ability. The two features studied are computer-implemented stereopsis (the spatial information that is based on differences in visual patterns projected in both eyes) and interactivity (the possibility to actively and continuously change one's view of computer-mediated objects). Participants of differing visuospatial ability learned about human abdominal organs via anatomical three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions using either a stereoptic study phase (involving stereopsis and interactivity) or using a biocular study phase that involved neither stereopsis nor interactivity. Subsequent tests assessed the acquired knowledge in tasks involving (a) identification of anatomical structures in anatomical 2D cross-sections (i.e. typical Computed Tomography pictures) in an identification task, and (b) localization of these cross-sections in a frontal view of the anatomy in a localization task. The results show that the stereoptic group performed significantly better on both tasks and that participants of low visuo-spatial ability benefited more from the stereoptic study phase than those of high visuo-spatial ability.

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“…To achieve levels of stereopsis of better than 60" of arc, bifoveal fixation must be present5 28 29 and 11 patients achieved this level. Nine of these patients were deemed to be “cured” of their microtropia, while the other two patients were noted on cover test to have a latent deviation with an occasional manifest movement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical characteristics of microtropia---is microtropia a fixed phenomenon?

Houston

Cleary

Dutton

et al. 1998

British Journal of Ophthalmology

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Background/aims-Microtropia is believed to be a static condition, in which accepted achievable levels of vision are those of 6/12-6/9 maximum, with the inability to achieve "normal" levels of stereopsis. The aim of this paper was to present the results of treatment of 30 consecutively presenting primary microtropes, and assess their outcomes using a more active treatment strategy than that conventionally used. Methods-Visual acuity, stereoacuity, fixation, and the presence of a central suppression scotoma were assessed in all patients before, during, and after treatment, which comprised wearing maximum refractive correction, and an occlusion strategy aiming for equal visual acuity. Results-Equal visual acuity of 6/5 Snellen was achieved in 43% of the 30 patients, while 87% achieved 6/9 Snellen or better visual acuity in the microtropic eye. Stereoacuity of better than 60" of arc was attained in 37%, and foveal fixation on visuscopy in 55%. The treatment outcome was not aVected by the patient's age, initial visual acuity, or the amount of anisometropia. A change in the patient's diagnosis was noted in 50%, with nine patients recovering completely. Conclusions-The results show that microtropia is not static. Equal 6/5 vision is attainable, as is high grade stereoacuity. The pattern of fixation may change during treatment and elimination of the microtropia is possible in some cases. There is a requirement for management protocols to be changed in order to treat this condition more eVectively. (Br J Ophthalmol 1998;82:219-224) Small angled squint with characteristics consistent with the term microtropia has been recognised for over 40 years.1-3 Parks and Eustis introduced the term monofixational phoria 4 which they later revised to monofixation syndrome, 5 to describe an absence of bifoveal fusion with maintenance of normal retinal correspondence (NRC) associated with an enlarged Panum's fusional area. Microtropia has been the subject of debate since Lang 6 coined the term to describe a small angled strabismus with anomalous retinal correspondence (ARC), normal fusional amplitudes, and reduced stereopsis. Helveston and von Noorden 7 initially reserved this term for cases in which the uniocular angle of eccentric fixation and the angle of anomaly were coincident, and therefore no movement was evident on the cover-uncover test. However, both sets of authors have now adopted the term "microtropia" to encompass both positive and negative cover-uncover test findings.

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Evaluation of the TNO Random-Dot Stereogram Test

Cited by 49 publications

References 5 publications

The role of stereopsis in virtual anatomical learning

The role of stereopsis in virtual anatomical learning

Optimizing conditions for computer-assisted anatomical learning

Clinical characteristics of microtropia---is microtropia a fixed phenomenon?

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