Evaluation of the swab sampling method to recover viruses from fomites

Ganime, Ana Carolina; Leite, José Paulo Gagliardi; Corrêa, Adriana de Abreu; Melgaço, Fabiana Gil; Carvalho-Costa, Filipe Aníbal; Miagostovich, Marize Pereira

doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.02.009

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The authors found recoveries for both hNoV and rotavirus to be higher from FCS than food surfaces at both inoculum concentrations (Scherer et al, 2009). Additionally, Ganime et al, (2015) evaluated the recovery rates of MNV-1 and bacteriophage PP7 from porous formic, non-porous formic, and rubberized surfaces using a rayon swab with culture media with recovery efficiencies ranging from 0.6 to 11.5% (PP7) and 12.2-77.0% (MNV-1). While these two studies evaluate how one particular swab performs, other studies expand their evaluations to provide a better comparison of different swabs and tools and their recovery of particular enteric viruses.…”

Section: Swabbingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sampling methods for recovery of human enteric viruses from environmental surfaces

Turnage

Gibson

2017

Journal of Virological Methods

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Acute gastroenteritis causes the second highest infectious disease burden worldwide. Human enteric viruses have been identified as leading causative agents of acute gastroenteritis as well as foodborne illnesses in the U.S. and are generally transmitted by fecal-oral contamination. There is growing evidence of transmission occurring via contaminated fomite including food contact surfaces. Additionally, human enteric viruses have been shown to remain infectious on fomites over prolonged periods of time. To better understand viral persistence, there is a need for more studies to investigate this phenomenon. Therefore, optimization of surface sampling methods is essential to aid in understanding environmental contamination to ensure proper preventative measures are being applied. In general, surface sampling studies are limited and highly variable among recovery efficiencies and research parameters used (e.g., virus type/density, surface type, elution buffers, tools). This review aims to discuss the various factors impacting surface sampling of viruses from fomites and to explore how researchers could move towards a more sensitive and standard sampling method.

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Section: Swabbingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sampling methods for recovery of human enteric viruses from environmental surfaces

Turnage

Gibson

2017

Journal of Virological Methods

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“…Herzog et al (2012) demonstrated that the SRE of bacteriophage P22 applied to a number of different fomites under a variety of conditions was most influenced by sampling time, fomite surface area, wetting agent use, and relative humidity [135]. Ganime et al (2015) evaluated swab sampling as a method to recover murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) and bacteriophage PP7 from porous, non-porous, and rubberized fomite surfaces, finding a highly variable recovery efficiency ranging from < 1 to 77% [136]. Weir et al (2016) demonstrated the impact that variability in fomite recovery from surfaces using different sampling methods can have on QMRA model results [21•].…”

Section: Improving Model Inputsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Exchange via Fomites and Implications for Human Health

et al. 2019

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Purpose of Review Fomites are inanimate objects that become colonized with microbes and serve as potential intermediaries for transmission to/from humans. This review summarizes recent literature on fomite contamination and microbial survival in the built environment, transmission between fomites and humans, and implications for human health. Recent Findings Applications of molecular sequencing techniques to analyze microbial samples have increased our understanding of the microbial diversity that exists in the built environment. This growing body of research has established that microbial communities on surfaces include substantial diversity, with considerable dynamics. While many microbial taxa likely die or lay dormant, some organisms survive, including those that are potentially beneficial, benign, or pathogenic. Surface characteristics also influence microbial survival and rates of transfer to and from humans. Recent research has combined experimental data, mechanistic modeling, and epidemiological approaches to shed light on the likely contributors to microbial exchange between fomites and humans and their contributions to adverse (and even potentially beneficial) human health outcomes. Summary In addition to concerns for fomite transmission of potential pathogens, new analytical tools have uncovered other microbial matters that can be transmitted indirectly via fomites, including entire microbial communities and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Mathematical models and epidemiological approaches can provide insight on human health implications. However, both are subject to limitations associated with study design, and there is a need to better understand appropriate input model parameters. Fomites remain an important mechanism of transmission of many microbes, along with direct contact and short-and long-range aerosols.

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“…Knowledge of the role of personnel in the indirect transmission of viruses may be of importance for understanding the dynamics of viral infections. For example, monitoring surfaces has been shown to be essential to understand the dissemination of viruses in hospitals or day-care centers, and it has helped to establish preventive measures [ 20 , 21 ]. In order to determine the dynamics of virus survival and transmission via contaminated PPE and the attendant health risks, levels of viral contamination on PPE need to be quantified [ 13 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular assessment of visitor personal protective equipment contamination with the Aleutian mink disease virus and porcine circovirus-2 in mink and porcine farms

et al. 2018

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Personal protective equipment (PPE) is an element of biosecurity intended to prevent the access or spread of diseases in farms. Nevertheless, to date no extensive reports exist about the effectiveness of different available PPE on farms. Thus, our aim was to estimate the degree of protection of PPE from viral contamination during farm visits. Two farms, infected with Aleutian mink disease virus and porcine circovirus–2 respectively, were visited by six visitors wearing different combinations of PPE: coveralls with hood and bootcovers, both with a certified barrier to infective agents (certified PPE group) and non-certified bootcover and coverall without hood (non-certified PPE group). Seventy-two swab samples from PPE and both hair and street clothes under PPE were taken after the visit and analysed by qPCR. Our results reveal viral exposure during visits, and the external protections of body and shoes were contaminated in all cases (24/24). In addition, protection from viral contamination varied noticeably according to the biosecurity elements used. A higher number of positives were detected in the non-certified PPE group than in the certified PPE group, both in elements under external protections (14/18 vs 3/18) and also in hair (4/6 vs 0/6). In fact, non-certified bootcovers broke during visits, resulting in viral contamination of the internal elements under them; these are consequently not suitable for using with wrinkled surfaces usually found in farm facilities. Thus, certified coveralls should be used in order to prevent contaminations, and workers and personnel of farms should be trained in their proper use. qPCR is a useful tool in the risk management of biosecurity programmes, and our results may serve as a model to evaluate different biosecurity measures.

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Evaluation of the swab sampling method to recover viruses from fomites

Cited by 10 publications

References 40 publications

Sampling methods for recovery of human enteric viruses from environmental surfaces

Sampling methods for recovery of human enteric viruses from environmental surfaces

Microbial Exchange via Fomites and Implications for Human Health

Molecular assessment of visitor personal protective equipment contamination with the Aleutian mink disease virus and porcine circovirus-2 in mink and porcine farms

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