Evaluation of the Survivability of SARS-CoV-2 on Cardboard and Plastic Surfaces and the Transferability of Virus from Surface to Skin

Johnson, Giffe T.; Loehle, Craig; Zhou, Sifang; Chiossone, Cory; Palumbo, James E.; Wiegand, Paul

doi:10.4236/odem.2021.92006

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Our data on SARS-CoV-2 survival on surfaces are consistent with multiple research studies that showed that the half-life of SARS-CoV-2 at 20-27°C was between 1.5 and 9 hours in plastic surfaces 10,13,16,47 , and between 3.4 and 7.8 hours in stainless steel 9,13,16 . Nevertheless, other studies have shown a longer survival rate for SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces at similar temperatures, with half-lives in the order of days rather than hours 17,48 .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and its surrogate, bacteriophage Phi6, on surfaces and in water

Pitol

Venkatesan

Hughes

2023

Preprint

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The COVID-19 pandemic has motivated research on the persistence of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in environmental reservoirs such as surfaces and water. Viral persistence data has been collected for SARS-CoV-2 and its surrogates, including bacteriophage Phi6. Despite its wide use, no side-by-side comparisons between Phi6 and SARS-CoV-2 exist. Here, we quantified the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and Phi6 on surfaces (plastic and metal) and in water and evaluated the influence that the deposition solution has on viral persistence by using four commonly used deposition solutions: two culture media (DMEM and Tryptone Soya Broth (TSB)), Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS), and human saliva. Phi6 remained infectious in water significantly longer than SARS-CoV-2, having a half-life of 27 hours as compared with 15 hours for SARS-CoV-2. The persistence of viruses on surfaces was significantly influenced by the virus used and the deposition solution, but not by the surface material. Phi6 remained infectious significantly longer than SARS-CoV-2 when the inoculation solution was culture media (DMEM, TSB) and saliva. Using culture media and saliva led to half-lives between 9 hours and 2 weeks for Phi6, as compared to 0.5 to 2 hours for SARS-CoV-2. Using PBS as a deposition solution led to half-lives shorter than 4 hours for both viruses on all surfaces. Our results showed that, although it has been frequently used as a surrogate for coronaviruses, bacteriophage Phi6 is not an adequate surrogate for studies quantifying SARS-CoV-2 persistence, as it over-estimates infectiousness. Additionally, our findings reveal the need of using adequate deposition solutions when evaluating viral persistence on surfaces.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and its surrogate, bacteriophage Phi6, on surfaces and in water

Pitol

Venkatesan

Hughes

2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Our data on SARS-CoV-2 survival on surfaces are consistent with multiple research studies that showed that the half-life of SARS-CoV-2 at 20–27°C was between 1.5 and 9 hours in plastic surfaces ( 10 , 13 , 16 , 55 ), and between 3.4 and 7.8 hours in stainless steel ( 9 , 13 , 16 ). Nevertheless, other studies have shown a longer survival rate for SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces at similar temperatures, with half-lives in the order of days rather than hours ( 18 , 56 ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and its surrogate, bacteriophage Phi6, on surfaces and in water

Pitol,

Venkatesan,

Hoptroff

et al. 2023

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The COVID-19 pandemic spurred research on the persistence of infectious SARS-CoV-2 and its surrogates, including bacteriophage Phi6, in environmental reservoirs. Despite the wide use of Phi6, side-by-side comparisons between Phi6 and SARS-CoV-2 are limited. Here, we quantified the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and Phi6 on surfaces (PVC plastic and stainless steel), using an initial inoculum of 10 3 plaque forming unit per surface, and evaluated the influence of four commonly used deposition solutions on viral persistence. In addition, we quantified the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and Phi6 in water. Our findings revealed that Phi6 had a significantly longer half-life than SARS-CoV-2 in water and on surfaces. Phi6 persisted 34 hours in water compared with 13 hours for SARS-CoV-2. Viral persistence on surfaces was significantly influenced by the virus used and the deposition solution but not by the surface material. Phi6 remained infectious significantly longer than SARS-CoV-2 when the inoculation solution was culture media and saliva, leading to half-lives between 9 hours and 2 weeks for Phi6, compared to 0.5–2 hours for SARS-CoV-2. Using phosphate-buffered saline as a deposition solution led to half-lives shorter than 4 hours for both viruses on all surfaces. Our results indicate that bacteriophage Phi6 may lead to an overestimate of infectiousness for studies quantifying SARS-CoV-2 persistence on surfaces and water and highlight the importance of using appropriate deposition solutions when evaluating viral persistence on surfaces. IMPORTANCE The COVID-19 pandemic spurred research on the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and its surrogates. Here we highlight the importance of evaluating viral surrogates and experimental methodologies when studying pathogen survival in the environment.

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“…There are several ways by which a virus can spread, including corporal fluid particles through the air and over surfaces. Several studies with viruses, particularly coronaviruses, have indicated that plastic and polymeric surfaces allow for a higher half‐life of virus survival (Johnson et al, 2021). Hence, using suitable antiviral biobased materials in an active way (e.g., encapsulated for controlled release or as coatings) could help decrease the spread of viruses (Gonçalves et al, 2021; Lin et al, 2021; Marzoli et al, 2021).…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoparticles and essential oils with antiviral activity on packaging and surfaces: An overview of their selection and application

Márquez

Zwilling

Zambrano

et al. 2022

J Surfact & Detergents

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Until recently, food packaging has been used as a barrier to unfavorable environmental and microbial conditions, but new technologies are arising aimed at upgrading the protective nature of these materials. Cases of bacterial and viral transmission through food and surfaces have shown the vulnerabilities of the food packaging distribution systems over the years, creating awareness about new methods to prevent the proliferation of pathogens. This has been highlighted by safety concerns due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. This work reviews the state‐of‐the‐art biobased technologies tailored for antiviral applications on surfaces, focusing on packaging materials. A survey and selection tool of essential oils (EOs) and nanoparticles that have been proven effective in reducing the proliferation or transmission of viruses through surfaces is presented. Additionally, the use of essential oil formulations or nanoparticle‐functionalized biobased materials that can be deployed to prevent virus transmission through food produce and surfaces is reviewed, including environmental and safety concerns around the use of metal nanoparticles and EOs in packaging materials. Finally, an assessment of the available technologies, challenges, opportunities and the potential role of biobased antiviral surfaces in future viral outbreaks is presented.

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Evaluation of the Survivability of SARS-CoV-2 on Cardboard and Plastic Surfaces and the Transferability of Virus from Surface to Skin

Cited by 7 publications

References 9 publications

Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and its surrogate, bacteriophage Phi6, on surfaces and in water

Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and its surrogate, bacteriophage Phi6, on surfaces and in water

Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and its surrogate, bacteriophage Phi6, on surfaces and in water

Nanoparticles and essential oils with antiviral activity on packaging and surfaces: An overview of their selection and application

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