Evaluation of the suitability of different methods for determination of the crosslink density in highly filled EPDM compounds

Abstract

The crosslink density of elastomers is the essential property that determines many other but especially the mechanical product properties. Different raw materials, especially recycled and bio-based materials, influence the vulcanization and may change the crosslink density when they are used as a substitute to conventional raw materials. Aim of this study is to develop a procedure that allows the reliable determination of the crosslink density in highly filled EPDM compounds as basis for future investigations focussed on substitution with sustainable materials in this compound. Unfortunately, experiences with other rubber compounds like tire treads cannot be directly applied here because of the use of other filler types and amounts as well as the differences in the polymer with regard to active sites (available double bonds). Equilibrium swelling, Flory-stress-strain-measurements, freezing point depression and temperature-scanning-stress-relaxation are applied to a model EPDM compound with high filler and softener amount as typically used for sealings. For sensitivity investigation the amount of the crosslink agent sulfur was varied. Furthermore, the influence of different accelerators was investigated. All methods are able to determine the crosslink density but with different standard deviations due to measurement errors. Partially, they can be optimized for this use case. Based on the results a combination of Flory-stress-strain-measurements and freezing point depression was chosen to be used in the future.

Development and In Vitro - In Vivo Evaluation of Composite Hydrogel-Forming Microneedles Containing Diclofenac Sodium with Box-Behnken Design Using SLA 3D-Printed Microneedle Molds

“…The fact that Gantrez S97 was the main component of the HFMs and that the hyaluronic acid caused an increase in the crosslinking level explains the effect of independent variables on hardness [44].…”