Evaluation of The Role of Buffalo Milk on Acute Toluene Induced Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity in Adult Male Albino Rats

Abstract

Background: Toluene is a volatile organic compound that is commonly used in a variety of applications around the world, including paints, inks, solvents, varnishes, plastics, thinners, fabrics, and dyes. This enhances the probability of exposure in occupational and environmental settings. Aim of the work: This research was carried out in adult male albino rats to look into the hepatic and renal histopathological changes caused by acute toluene exposure, the possible underlying mechanisms, and the role of buffalo milk in reducing the toxic effects of toluene. Methodology: The study was conducted for 7 days on seventy-two adult male albino rats. They were divided into five groups as follow: Group I (negative control): 12 rats were fed with regular diet and water to test basic parameters .Group II (positive control) 24 rats subdivided into 2 equal groups: Subgroup IIa (corn oil group)12 rats received 1 ml of corn oil (vehicle of toluene) by oral gavage . Subgroup IIb (distilled water group) 12 rats received 1ml of distilled water by oral gavage. Group III (pasturalized buffalo milk group -PBM) 12 rats received 1ml of buffalo milk by oral gavage. Group IV (toluene group) 12 rats received toluene 900mg/kg dissolved in corn oil by oral gavage. Group V (toluene and pasturalized buffalo milk group) 12 rats received toluene 900mg/kg followed by 1ml of buffalo milk by oral gavage for 7 days. At the end of the study, blood samples were collected for estimating (serum ALP, ALT, serum albumin, serum creatinine, serum MDA, TAC). Then livers and kidneys were extracted for histopathological (H&E) and immunohistochemistry (caspase-3) examination. Results: The result of the study revealed that administration of toluene for 7 days induced significant increase in ALP, ALT, creatinine, serum MDA and significant reduction in serum albumin and TAC. It also induced histopathological alterations in liver and kidney with increased caspase-3 immunoreactivity. Administration of PBM with toluene for 7 days improved toluene induced histopathological alterations in liver and kidney with decreased caspase-3 immunoreactivity. Also, PBM caused significantly beneficial effect on liver and kidney parameters; In addition, it decreased serum MDA level and increased serum TAC. Conclusion: Buffalo milk has partial protective effects against toluene induced hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, oxidative stress and apoptosis.