Evaluation of the role of monoaminergic and nonmonoaminergic systems in the psychotropic effects of morin in mice: an interaction study with receptor blockers

Morin improves learning and memory in healthy adult mice

“…For example, there is little information available about the pharmacokinetics of morin, and the data that is available suggest that this flavonol has poor bioavailability after oral ingestion (Li et al., 2019 ; Zhang et al., 2011 ). In this study, we administrate morin intraperitoneally, which generally shows higher bioavailability than oral administration for small molecules (MW < 5000) like morin (Al Shoyaib et al., 2019 ); moreover, many studies have consistently demonstrated that morin is able to modify various pathological cascades in different neuropathologies such as psychosocial stress, sleep deprivation, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease resulting in cognitive enhancement including memory and learning, (Ben‐Azu et al., 2019 ; Ben‐Azu et al., 2018 ; Ben‐Azu et al., 2020 ; Du et al., 2016 ; Elizabeth et al., 2020 ; Olonode et al., 2019 ) suggesting that morin and/or its metabolites or conjugated forms can not only cross the blood–brain barrier but also interact with different types of neurotransmitter receptors, in particular serotonin and acetylcholine, which are related to memory‐enhancing effects (Ben‐Azu et al., 2021 ; Thilakarathna & Rupasinghe, 2013 ). However, it is necessary to perform more research to confirm this pharmacologic characteristic.…”

Dyrk1a Phosphorylation of α-Synuclein Mediating Apoptosis of Dopaminergic Neurons in Parkinson’s Disease

“…PD is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects approximately 1% of the population over 55 years of age, with the highest prevalence in people aged 85 years and older [ 28 ]. The clinical manifestations of PD are due to extensive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway and neuronal dysfunction in the dopaminergic, 5-hydroxytryptaminergic, adrenergic, and cholinergic neurotransmitter systems [ 29 ]. Both metabolites and proteins reflect the physiological and pathological state of the individual.…”

A Case for the Neuroprotective Potential of African Phytochemicals in the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease

“…Elsewhere, doxorubicin-induced cognitive impairment [151] and psychotic-like behavior [22] that are associated with AD-like pathology were also dramatically reduce by morin via up-regulation of the GABAergic biosynthetic enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase-67 (GAD-67), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and inhibition of nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-2 (Nox-2) in the striatum, prefrontal cortex (PFC), and hippocampus of mice brains. Evidence showed that morin also modulates both monoaminergic and non-monoaminergic neurochemical pathways at the receptor levels to mediate memory enhancement as well as anti-depressant effects [152]. The study revealed that the memory-enhancing and anti-depressantlike effects of morin were reversible by pretreatment with cholinergic (atropine), 5-hydrotryptaminergic-2 (5-HT 2 ) (metergoline), α 1 -noradrenoceptor (prazosin) and D 2 receptor (haloperidol) antagonists as well as 5-HT synthesis inhibitor (para-chlorophenylalanine) [152], nonselective NOS (nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, L-NAME) and selective neuronal NOS (methylene blue) inhibitors [153].…”

“…Evidence showed that morin also modulates both monoaminergic and non-monoaminergic neurochemical pathways at the receptor levels to mediate memory enhancement as well as anti-depressant effects [152]. The study revealed that the memory-enhancing and anti-depressantlike effects of morin were reversible by pretreatment with cholinergic (atropine), 5-hydrotryptaminergic-2 (5-HT 2 ) (metergoline), α 1 -noradrenoceptor (prazosin) and D 2 receptor (haloperidol) antagonists as well as 5-HT synthesis inhibitor (para-chlorophenylalanine) [152], nonselective NOS (nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, L-NAME) and selective neuronal NOS (methylene blue) inhibitors [153].…”