Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Test of Gross Motor Development–3rd Edition

Mohammadi, Farzad; Bahram, Abbas; Khalaji, H; Ulrich, Dale A.; Ghadiri, Farhad

doi:10.1123/jmld.2017-0045

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…However, ER and NR-PE reached higher levels of reliability than NR, with excellent intra-rater ICC values. In this sense, previous studies also showed good-to-excellent or excellent intra-rater reliability in the TGMD-2 [24][25][26][27] and the TGMD-3 [28][29][30][31][32]. For locomotor and ball skills subscales' scores, although intra-rater reliability of NR was at least moderateto-excellent, ER and NR-PE achieved no less than good-to-excellent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

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Intra-Rater (Live vs. Video Assessment) and Inter-Rater (Expert vs. Novice) Reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition

Carballo‐Fazanes

Rey

Valentini

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD) is one of the most common tools for assessing the fundamental movement skills (FMS) in children between 3 and 10 years. This study aimed to examine the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the TGMD—3rd Edition (TGMD-3) between expert and novice raters using live and video assessment. Five raters [2 experts and 3 novices (one of them BSc in Physical Education and Sport Science)] assessed and scored the performance of the TGMD-3 of 25 healthy children [Female: 60%; mean (standard deviation) age 9.16 (1.31)]. Schoolchildren were attending at one public elementary school during the academic year 2019–2020 from Santiago de Compostela (Spain). Raters scored each children performance through two viewing moods (live and slow-motion). The ICC (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient) was used to determine the agreement between raters. Our results showed moderate-to-excellent intra-rater reliability for overall score and locomotor and ball skills subscales; moderate-to-good inter-rater reliability for overall and ball skills; and poor-to-good for locomotor subscale. Higher intra-rater reliability was achieved by the expert raters and novice rater with physical education background compared to novice raters. However, the inter-rater reliability was more variable in all the raters regardless of their experience or background. No significant differences in reliability were found when comparing live and video assessments. For clinical practice, it would be recommended that raters reach an agreement before the assessment to avoid subjective interpretations that might distort the results.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…For locomotor and ball skills subscales' scores, although intra-rater reliability of NR was at least moderateto-excellent, ER and NR-PE achieved no less than good-to-excellent. High agreement was also reported in both subscales in the TGMD-2 [24][25][26][27] and the TGMD-3 [28,[30][31][32][33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Intra-Rater (Live vs. Video Assessment) and Inter-Rater (Expert vs. Novice) Reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition

Carballo‐Fazanes

Rey

Valentini

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…However, TGMD was developed for typically developing North American children. Due to the socio-cultural relevance of the subtests and the performance-criteria, several cross-cultural studies have investigated the psychometric properties of TGMD-2 and TGMD-3 in different languages, such as Spanish [ 36 , 38 , 40 ], Persian [ 47 ], German [ 34 ], or Portuguese [ 45 , 49 , 50 ] and/or cultures [ 43 , 44 ]. Research conducted in this regard has described high and similar reliability characteristics to the original version, which evidences the clarity of TGMD instructions and the unambiguity of scoring [ 47 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability of the test of gross motor development: A systematic review

et al. 2020

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Objective To identify, synthesise and evaluate studies that investigated the reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD) variants. Methods A systematic search was employed to identify studies that have investigated internal consistency, inter-rater, intra-rater and test-retest reliability of the TGMD variants through Scopus, Pubmed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Sport Discus and Web of Science databases. Results Of the 265 studies identified, 23 were included. Internal consistency, evaluated in 14 studies, confirming good-to-excellent consistency for the overall score and general motor quotient (GMQ), and acceptable-to-excellent levels in both subscales (locomotor and ball skills). Inter-rater reliability, evaluated in 19 studies, showing good-to-excellent intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) values in locomotor skills score, ball skills score, overall score, and GMQ. Intra-rater reliability, evaluated in 13 studies, displaying excellent ICC values in overall score and GMQ, and good-to-excellent ICC values in locomotor skills score and ball skills score. Test-retest reliability was evaluated in 15 studies with 100% of the statistics reported above the threshold of acceptable reliability when ICC was not used. Studies with ICC statistic showed good-to-excellent values in ball skills score, overall score, and GMQ; and moderate-to-excellent values in locomotor skills score. Conclusions Overall, the results of this systematic review indicate that, regardless of the variant of the test, the TMGD has moderate-to-excellent internal consistency, good-to-excellent inter-rater reliability, good-to-excellent intra-rater reliability, and moderate-to-excellent test-retest reliability. Considering the few high-quality studies in terms of internal consistency, it would be recommend to carry out further studies in this field to improve their quality. Since there is no gold standard for assessing FMS, TGMD variants could be appropriate when opting for a psychometrical robust test. However, standardized training protocols for coding TGMD variants seem to be necessary both for researchers and practitioners in order to ensure acceptable reliability.

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“…FMS represent the foundation of children's movement patterns. 14 Therefore, children who develop proficiency in diverse FMS have greater capacity for future movement experiences. Assessments like the TGMD provide a succinct view on children's motor development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, TGMD scores can be organized into different configurations. For example, TGMD researchers use a single measure of children's FMS that includes all TGMD skills (e.g., De Meester et al 1 ), two subscales focused on locomotor skills and ball skills (e.g., Cohen et al 14 ), or both a single measure of FMS and the locomotor skills and ball skills subscales (e.g., Morgan et al 15 ; Webster et al 16 ). Despite its status as a preeminent measure of children's FMS competency, assumptions about the TGMD still require critical examination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bifactor structure and model reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development — 3rd edition

Garn

Webster

2021

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport

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Objectives: This study investigated the structure of the Test of Gross Motor Development -3rd edition (TGMD-3). Specifically, we examine bifactor structure, which simultaneously models a fundamental motor skills (FMS) general factor and specific factors for locomotor skills and ball skills, compared to other models. Design: Cross-sectional design using the TGMD-3 normative sample. Methods: The sample (N = 862) of children (Mage = 6.51, SD = 2.23) was matched based on United States census data, ensuring appropriate percentages of demographic representation and disability status. Confirmatory factor analyses, exploratory structural equation modeling, model-based reliability estimates including coefficient omega hierarchical, and coefficient omega hierarchical subscale, explained common variance estimates, and relative parameter bias were examined. Results: Findings revealed bifactor structure produced a better model fit compared to both one-factor and two-factor models. Furthermore, model reliability estimates that parceled true score variance for the general FMS factor, locomotor skills factor, and ball skills factor yielded high internal consistency for FMS (.797) but not locomotor skills (.168) and ball skills (.216). Finally, explained common variance (.852-.879) and relative parameter bias (.018-.072) estimates identified the strength of the run, skip, slide, and dribble skills tests to represent the FMS general factor. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate the advantages of using bifactor structure to examine the TGMD-3 compared to one-factor and two-factor models. Additionally, these results provide further evidence that using the TGMD-3 to examine an overall FMS general factor may explain more variance in performance and provide a better picture for evaluating children's current FMS levels compared to subscales independently.

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Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Test of Gross Motor Development–3rd Edition

Cited by 17 publications

References 28 publications

Intra-Rater (Live vs. Video Assessment) and Inter-Rater (Expert vs. Novice) Reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition

Intra-Rater (Live vs. Video Assessment) and Inter-Rater (Expert vs. Novice) Reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition

Reliability of the test of gross motor development: A systematic review

Bifactor structure and model reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development — 3rd edition

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