Evaluation of the Potential of Integrating Battery Electric Vehicles into Commercial Companies on the Basis of Fleet Test Data

Assessing the Economic Impact of Introducing Localised PV Solar Energy Generation and Energy Storage for Fleet Electrification

“…PV OMc (£) = Number of PV panels •PV lifetime (years) (32) Table 5 shows the total cost for the PV installation (PV c ) considering a lifetime of 15 years, as the addition of PV Cc and PV OMc . For the WMD, it is assumed that the surplus solar energy that cannot be stored is sold back to the grid, and this generates an annual revenue that is considered in the total costs (Equation ( 33)).…”

“…Energy management has been broadly studied by researchers from different viewpoints; to achieve better efficiency within a distribution network (i.e., loss minimization in the distribution systems) [28,29], to reduce costs by controlling the energy sources and controllable loads, or to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions [30,31]. Betz and Lienkamp [32] developed an energy management system to investigate the potential benefits of adopting EV fleets in commercial situations. The authors sought to efficiently integrate the three technologies (i.e., PV generation, energy storage, and EV fleets) to reduce total costs of ownership (TCO) and CO 2 emissions.…”

Novel Supervisory Management Scheme of Hybrid Sun Empowered Grid-Assisted Microgrid for Rapid Electric Vehicles Charging Area

“…In the paper [12], EV charging station is used using renewables which smoothen the excess power, to enhance features of the home-grid interface using BMS (Battery Management System) and power inverter. In the paper [13], the integration of BEV in the commercial company is investigated with the potential to raise profitability while charging. In the paper [14] the driving pattern of industrial fleet is rigorously evaluated and possibility of maximum BEV in compliance with smart charging scheme.…”