“…However, several years after implantation, a local host response to titanium can be occurred, leading to the fibrous isolation of the implant from the healthy bone tissue, and progressively, the loss of osseointegration [4]. Therefore, to improve bone cell attachment and proliferation, and finally osseointegration of Ti implants, numerous surface modification of titanium has been developed including chemical treatments, topographic modifications and electrochemical methods [5,6].…”