Evaluation of the Performance of Spline Interpolation Method in Mapping and Estimating the Total Suspended Solids over the Coastal Water of Pulau Tuba, Kedah

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of the spline interpolation method in predicting and mapping the concentration of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in the surface water of Pulau Tuba, Kedah. Thirty sampling points were set up and geolocated using the Geographic Positioning System (GPS). Gravimetric analyses were used to determine the TSS level. Fifty percent of the total sampling points were randomly chosen for developing spatial models using regularised and tension spline methods. The research found that the tension spline methods outperform the regularised spline method. The Mean Squared Error (MSE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Mean Absolute Error Percentage (MAPE) were reported at 351.641, 18.752, 15.81, and 21.51%, respectively. This study’s findings are critical in the domains of spatial statistics and interpolation for creating a precise map of water properties.

Assessment of Total Suspended Solid Concentration Dynamics Based on Geospatial Models as an Impact of Anthropogenic in Pekalongan Waters, Indonesia

“…The Spline method was used because it assumes that the interpolation value would fluctuate linearly as a function of distance from the closest sample value and will not be influenced by the location of the sample data. (Ahmad and Deeba, 2020;Kamaruddin et al, 2022). This distribution pattern graphically and informatively describes each parameter.…”

“…The results of this limitation are later exported as vector data in the form of coastline data in .shp format and corrected using the on-screen digitize method on images that have been given a composite RGB color display on the three image data. The coastline extraction uses the Normalized Difference Water Index algorithm to distinguish between water and land boundaries using Near-Infrared (NIR) (band 8) and green band (band 3) (McFeeters, 1996;Du et al, 2016;Kamaruddin et al, 2022).with the algorithm formulas 2.…”

“…Water quality is considered the essential factor controlling the health and state of marine conditions (Hadi et al, 2021). Several factors can influence water quality, for example, natural events (hydro-oceanography processes) and anthropogenic events (Hadi et al, 2021;Kamaruddin et al, 2022). Several studies have shown that anthropogenic activities are one of the most significant sources of pollution in all environmental areas (Naik et al, 2020).…”

Total Suspended Solid Concentration Dynamics and Distribution Based on Geospatial Models in Mojo River Estuary, Pemalang

“…The results of this limitation are later exported as vector data in the form of coastline data in .shp format and corrected using the on-screen digitize method on images that have been given a composite RGB color display on the three images data. The coastline extraction uses the Normalized Difference Water Index algorithm to distinguish between water and land boundaries using Near-Infrared (NIR) (band 8) and green band (band 3) (McFeeters, 1996;Du et al, 2016;Kamaruddin et al, 2022;Ridarto et al, 2023).…”