Evaluation of the Long-Term Effect of Air Filtration on the Occurrence of New PRRSV Infections in Large Breeding Herds in Swine-Dense Regions

Dee, Scott; Cano, Jean Paul; Spronk, Gordon; Reicks, Darwin; Ruen, P.; Pitkin, Andrea; Polson, Dale

doi:10.3390/v4050654

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…We chose PRRSV because of its economic impact in swine industry [ 14 ]. Moreover, several studies had already demonstrated the efficacy of some air filter methods in reducing PRRSV under experimental conditions [ 1 , 15 – 17 , 6 ]. Further experiments were performed using bovine enterovirus 1 (BEV, strain LCR-4) as a surrogate for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Investigations on American farms equipped with air filtration revealed high efficacy in reducing the number of PRRSV outbreaks. The incidence of new PRRSV infections in breeding herds housed without air filtration was reported to be eight times higher compared to filtered farms [ 6 ]. However, commercial swine buildings with supply air filtration are still not a standard.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficiency of different air filter types for pig facilities at laboratory scale

Wenke

Pospiech

Reutter³

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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Air filtration has been shown to be efficient in reducing pathogen burden in circulating air. We determined at laboratory scale the retention efficiency of different air filter types either composed of a prefilter (EU class G4) and a secondary fiberglass filter (EU class F9) or consisting of a filter mat (EU class M6 and F8-9). Four filter prototypes were tested for their capability to remove aerosol containing equine arteritis virus (EAV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), bovine enterovirus 1 (BEV), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), and Staphylococcus (S.) aureus from air. Depending on the filter prototype and utilisation, the airflow was set at 1,800 m3/h (combination of upstream prefilter and fiberglass filter) or 80 m3/h (filter mat). The pathogens were aerosolized and their concentration was determined in front of and behind the filter by culture or quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, survival of the pathogens over time in the filter material was determined. Bacteria were most efficiently filtered with a reduction rate of up to 99.9% depending on the filter used. An approximately 98% reduction was achieved for the viruses tested. Viability or infectivity of APP or PRRSV in the filter material decreased below the detection limit after 4 h and 24 h, respectively, whereas S. aureus was still culturable after 4 weeks. Our results demonstrate that pathogens can efficiently be reduced by air filtration. Consequently, air filtration combined with other strict biosecurity measures markedly reduces the risk of introducing airborne transmitted pathogens to animal facilities. In addition, air filtration might be useful in reducing bioaerosols within a pig barn, hence improving respiratory health of pigs.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficiency of different air filter types for pig facilities at laboratory scale

Wenke

Pospiech

Reutter³

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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“…a condition in which clinical signs of PRRS are absent in the breeding-herd population, and PRRSV is no more transmitted from sows to their offspring ( 13 ). After reaching this preliminary status, eradication may be possible by herd closure ( 14 ), which is eased by proper air filtration devices to prevent airborne infection ( 15 ). In addition to management and biosecurity measures, various immunological approaches (vaccination and/or “conditioning” to circulating PRRSV strains) are also used for control of both respiratory and reproductive disease ( 6 ).…”

Section: The Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Control of PRRS: Lessons to be Learned and Possible Ways Forward

Amadori¹,

Razzuoli²

2014

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an elusive model of host/virus relationship in which disease is determined by virus pathogenicity, pig breed susceptibility and phenotype, microbial infectious pressure, and environmental conditions. The disease can be controlled by farm management programs, which can be supported by vaccination or conditioning of animals to circulating PRRS virus (PRRSV) strains. Yet, PRRS still represents a cause of heavy losses for the pig industry worldwide. Immunological control strategies are often compounded by poor and late development of adaptive immunity in both vaccinated and infected animals. Also, there is evidence that results of field trials can be worse than those of experimental studies in isolation facilities. Neutralizing antibody (NA) was shown to prevent PRRSV infection. Instead, the role of NA and adaptive immunity on the whole in virus clearance after established PRRSV infections is still contentious. Pigs eventually eliminate PRRSV infection, which may be correlated with an “educated,” innate immune response, which may also develop following vaccination. In addition to vaccination, an immunomodulation strategy for PRRS can be reasonably advocated in pig “problem” farms, where a substantial control of disease prevalence and disease-related losses is badly needed. This is not at odds with vaccination, which should be preferably restricted to PRRSV-free animals bound for PRRSV-infected farm units. Oral, low-dose, interferon-α treatments proved effective on farm for the control of respiratory and reproductive disease outbreaks, whereas the results were less clear in isolation facilities. Having in mind the crucial interaction between PRRSV and bacterial lipopolysaccharides for occurrence of respiratory disease, the strong control actions of low-dose type I interferons on the inflammatory response observed in vitro and in vivo probably underlie the rapid clinical responses observed in field trials.

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“…While data exist regarding the ability of the virus be transported via aerosols up to 9.2 m [ 9 ], little is known about the dynamics of daily PRRSV airborne challenge directly at the farm level. If the level of airborne PRRSV challenge on a day-to-day basis could be documented, decisions regarding the application of intervention strategies capable of reducing the airborne risk (e.g., area vaccination or air filtration) would be easier to make [ 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Diversity of PRRS Virus Collected from Air Samples in Four Different Regions of Concentrated Swine Production during a High Incidence Season

Brito

Dee

Wayne

et al. 2014

Viruses

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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most relevant swine diseases in the US, costing the industry millions of dollars per year. Unfortunately, disease control is difficult because of the virus dynamics, as PRRS virus (PRRSV) can be transmitted by air between farms, especially, in regions with high density of swine operations. While long distance airborne transport of PRRSV has been reported, there is little information regarding the dynamics of PRRSV airborne challenge in concentrated regions. The objective of this study was to describe the frequency of detection, dose and diversity of PRRSV in air samples collected across four concentrated production regions during the PRRS-high risk season in the Midwestern US (October–December) in 2012. Between 29% and 42% of the air samples were positive in all four sampling sites. Sequencing of the recovered virus showed a wide diversity of field and vaccine variants. Higher frequency, dose, and diversity of PRRSV were observed in air at locations with higher pig density. These findings suggest that regional spread of PRRSV due to aerosol transmission of PRRSV represents a significant risk to susceptible herds in concentrated regions of domestic pig production where PRRSV is endemic.

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Evaluation of the Long-Term Effect of Air Filtration on the Occurrence of New PRRSV Infections in Large Breeding Herds in Swine-Dense Regions

Cited by 22 publications

References 19 publications

Efficiency of different air filter types for pig facilities at laboratory scale

Efficiency of different air filter types for pig facilities at laboratory scale

Immune Control of PRRS: Lessons to be Learned and Possible Ways Forward

Genetic Diversity of PRRS Virus Collected from Air Samples in Four Different Regions of Concentrated Swine Production during a High Incidence Season

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