Evaluation of the ICT whole blood antigen card test to detect infection due to nocturnally periodic <i>Wuchereria bancrofti</i> in South India

Pani, S P; Hoti, S.L.; Ayyanar, Elango; Jayaraman, Yuvaraj; Lall, R; Ramaiah, K. D.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00559.x

Cited by 37 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…Some studies evaluating the whole blood ICT card test in the field have been performed 6,12,15,17 . However, most of them involve two-stage samples which commonly introduce bias that may affect both sensitivity and specificity estimates 20,23 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These significant features make the whole blood ICT card test a potential diagnostic tool to be adopted in screening and surveillance of bancroftian filariasis risk areas. However, studies evaluating this new test in fieldwork are still scarce 6,12,15,17 and the study designs applied can place some limitation on the applicability of these results to different groups of individuals 20,23 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Field evaluation of the whole blood immunochromatographic test for rapid bancroftian filariasis diagnosis in the northeast of Brazil

Braga

Dourado

Ximenes

et al. 2003

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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SUMMARYThis study evaluated the whole blood immunochromatographic card test (ICT card test) in a survey performed in Northeastern Brazil. 625 people were examined by the thick blood film (TBF) and ICT card test. Residents of a non-endemic area were also tested by the whole blood card test and Og4C3. The sensitivity of the ICT card test was 94.7% overall, but lower in females than males, based on the reasonable assumption that TBF is 100% specific. However, since TBF and other methods have unknown sensitivity, the true specificity of the card test is unknown. Nevertheless, it is possible to estimate upper and lower limits for the specificity, and relate it to the prevalence of the disease. In the endemic area, the possible range of the specificity was from 72.4% to 100%. 29.6% of the card tests performed in the non-endemic area exhibited faint lines that were interpreted as positives.Characteristics of the method including high sensitivity, promptness and simplicity justify its use for screening of filariasis. However, detailed information about the correct interpretation in case of extremely faint lines is essential. Further studies designed to consider problems arising from imperfect standards are necessary, as is a sounder diagnostic definition for the card test.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field evaluation of the whole blood immunochromatographic test for rapid bancroftian filariasis diagnosis in the northeast of Brazil

Braga

Dourado

Ximenes

et al. 2003

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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“…Within each village, 50 adult males above 15 years of age, and 40 households were selected for estimating antigenemia prevalence within the community using the ICT card test. 26,27 The number of households (40) to be sampled per village was based on the finding that on average in rural India 2 to 3 adult males would be available per household; the selection of households themselves was performed by first listing the total number of households in the village followed by estimating the sampling interval (total number of households/40) for the systematic selection of household units for the study. The first household is selected randomly (by choosing a number randomly between one and the sampling interval), and the others are chosen by the cumulative addition of the sampling interval to each previous number as described elsewhere.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This investigation forms part of a multicountry study initiated by the World Health Organization (WHO) Rapid Geographical Assessment of Bancroftian Filariasis (RAGFIL) program, 25 which advocated using a sampling grid of either 25 × 25 km or 50 × 50 km for selecting communities to undertake rapid filariasis prevalence surveys (by the application of rapid assessment procedures (RAP) surveys of filariasis prevalence, such as physical examination by the health workers (PEHW) 26 or estimation of parasite antigenemia prevalence by the use of the immunochromatographic card test (ICT) 27 to map and investigate filariasis distribution. While the primary analysis is based on filariasis antigeneamia prevalence data obtained from 79 communities selected from an endemic region in South India using the 25 × 25 km grid sampling framework, comparison is also made with the spatial structure of microfilaraemia prevalence data obtained from a random sample of 119 villages within the same region (used for a separate study validating different RAP methods 26 ), to illustrate the importance of spatial sampling scale for the detection and quantification of spatial structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A geostatistical analysis of the geographic distribution of lymphatic filariasis prevalence in southern India.

Srividya¹,

Michael²,

Palaniyandi³

et al. 2002

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Gaining a better understanding of the spatial population structure of infectious agents is increasingly recognized as being key to their more effective mapping and to improving knowledge of their overall population dynamics and control. Here, we investigate the spatial structure of bancroftian filariasis distribution using geostatistical methods in an endemic region in Southern India. Analysis of a parasite antigenemia prevalence dataset assembled by sampling 79 villages selected using a World Health Organization (WHO) proposed 25 × 25 km grid sampling procedure in a 225 × 225 km area within this region was compared with that of a corresponding microfilaraemia prevalence dataset assembled by sampling 119 randomly selected villages from a smaller subregion located within the main study area. A major finding from the analysis was that once large-scale spatial trends were removed, the antigenemia data did not show evidence for the existence of any small-scale dependency at the study sampling interval of 25 km. By contrast, analysis of the randomly sampled microfilaraemia data indicated strong spatial contagion in prevalence up to a distance of approximately 6.6 kms, suggesting the likely existence of small spatial patches or foci of transmission in the study area occurring below the sampling scale used for sampling the antigenemia data. While this could indicate differences in parasite spatial population dynamics based on antigenemia versus microfilaraemia data, the result may also suggest that the WHO recommended 25 × 25 km sampling grid for rapid filariasis mapping could have been too coarse a scale to capture and describe the likely local variation in filariasis infection in this endemic location and highlights the need for caution when applying uniform sampling schemes in diverse endemic regions for investigating the spatial pattern of this parasitic infection. The present results, on the other hand, imply that both small-scale spatial processes and large-scale factors may characterize the observed distribution of filariasis in the study region. Our preliminary analysis of a mountain range associated large-scale trend in the antigenemia data suggested that a nonlinear relationship of infection prevalence with elevation might be a factor behind such observed global spatial patterns. We conclude that geostatistic methods can provide a powerful framework for carrying out the empirical investigation and analysis of parasite spatial population structure. This study shows that their successful application, however, will crucially depend on our gaining a more thorough understanding of the appropriate geographic scales at which spatial studies should be carried out.

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“…There were 11 positive samples by PCR, but negative by ICT. All the 11 samples however, had 0 to 10 microfilaria counts per ml, for which ICT may have missed because it has low sensitivity (11,12). The advantages of the PCR assay used in this study include high sensitivity, specificity and demonstrated a high accuracy value of 94.4%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Technique Utilising Sputum For Detecting <i>Wuchereria bancroft</i>i Infections In Malindi, Kenya

Kagai

Mpoke²,

Muli³

et al. 2009

E Af Med Jrnl

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Evaluation of the ICT whole blood antigen card test to detect infection due to nocturnally periodic Wuchereria bancrofti in South India

Cited by 37 publications

References 12 publications

Field evaluation of the whole blood immunochromatographic test for rapid bancroftian filariasis diagnosis in the northeast of Brazil

Field evaluation of the whole blood immunochromatographic test for rapid bancroftian filariasis diagnosis in the northeast of Brazil

A geostatistical analysis of the geographic distribution of lymphatic filariasis prevalence in southern India.

Molecular Technique Utilising Sputum For Detecting <i>Wuchereria bancroft</i>i Infections In Malindi, Kenya

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