Evaluation of the hydrochemistry of groundwater at Jhelum Basin, Punjab, Pakistan

Abbas, Mohsin; Shen, Shui‐Long; Lyu, Hai‐Min; Zhou, Annan; Rashid, Sajid

doi:10.1007/s12665-021-09579-6

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Groundwater total hardness (TH) ranged from 13 to 1350 mg/L, with a mean of 316 mg/L. The rock-water interaction was mainly responsible for the significant random changes of the parameters mentioned above under extreme anthropogenic activities, which cause the solubilization of the minerals and salts [48]. Among cations, Na + exhibits a high mean concentration 125 mg/L, followed by Ca 2+ 61 mg/L, Mg 2+ 41.6 mg/L, and K + 2.81 mg/L in all groundwater sources and was within the recommended acceptable range of WHO.…”

Section: Groundwater Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogeochemical Investigation of Elevated Arsenic Based on Entropy Modeling, in the Aquifers of District Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan

Ullah

Talib

Rashid

et al. 2021

Water

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Arsenic (As) contamination in drinking groundwater is a common environmental problem in Pakistan. Therefore, sixty-one groundwater samples were collected from various groundwater sources in District Sanghar, Sindh province, Pakistan, to understand the geochemical behavior of elevated As in groundwater. Statistical summary showed the cations and anions abundance in decreasing order of Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+, and HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− > NO3−. Arsenic was found with low to high concentration levels ranging from 5 µg to 25 µg/L with a mean value of 12.9 µg/L. A major water type of groundwater samples was mixed with NaCl and CaHCO3 type, interpreting the hydrochemical behavior of rock–water interaction. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed the mixed anthropogenic and natural sources of contamination in the study area. Moreover, rock weathering and exchange of ions controlled the hydrochemistry. Chloro-alkaline indices revealed the dominance of the reverse ion exchange mechanism in the region. The entropy water quality index (EWQI) exposed that 17 samples represent poor water, and 11 samples are not suitable for drinking.

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Section: Groundwater Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogeochemical Investigation of Elevated Arsenic Based on Entropy Modeling, in the Aquifers of District Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan

Ullah

Talib

Rashid

et al. 2021

Water

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“…According to the AHP-GWQI, the highest value for the index was computed for Sargodha (122.99), Lahore (122.925), and Rawalpindi (121.261), as shown in Figure 7a. Utilizing the NSFWQI, the majority of the Gujranwala area was generally classified as "good," with the exception of certain locations near industrial zones [65]. The assessment of the WQI in the Rawalpindi and Islamabad regions revealed that 23% of the groundwater samples were classified as "excellent water," 27% as "good water," 45% as Utilizing the NSFWQI, the majority of the Gujranwala area was generally classified as "good", with the exception of certain locations near industrial zones [65].…”

Section: Groundwater Quality Assessment For Drinking Purposementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Utilizing the NSFWQI, the majority of the Gujranwala area was generally classified as "good," with the exception of certain locations near industrial zones [65]. The assessment of the WQI in the Rawalpindi and Islamabad regions revealed that 23% of the groundwater samples were classified as "excellent water," 27% as "good water," 45% as Utilizing the NSFWQI, the majority of the Gujranwala area was generally classified as "good", with the exception of certain locations near industrial zones [65]. The assessment of the WQI in the Rawalpindi and Islamabad regions revealed that 23% of the groundwater samples were classified as "excellent water", 27% as "good water", 45% as "poor water", and 1% as "very poor water."…”

Section: Groundwater Quality Assessment For Drinking Purposementioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Assessment and Geostatistical Evaluation of Groundwater Quality through Water Quality Indices

Naz,

Ahmad,

Aslam

et al. 2023

Water

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This study undertook an assessment of 24 physiochemical parameters at over 1094 sites to compute the water quality index (WQI) across the upper and central Punjab regions of Pakistan. Prior to the WQI calculation, an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was employed to assign specific weights to each water quality parameter. The categorization of WQI into distinct classes was achieved by constructing a pairwise matrix based on their relative importance utilizing Saaty’s scale. Additionally, the groundwater quality status for irrigation and drinking purposes across various zones in the study area was delineated through the integration of WQI and geostatistical methodologies. The findings revealed discernible heavy metal issues in the Lahore division, with emerging microbiological contamination across the entire study region, potentially attributed to untreated industrial effluent discharge and inadequately managed sewerage systems. The computed indices for the Lahore, Sargodha, and Rawalpindi divisions fell within the marginal to unfit categories, indicating water quality concerns. In contrast, the indices for other divisions were in the medium class, suggesting suitability for drinking purposes. Scenario analysis for developing mitigation strategies indicated that primary treatment before wastewater disposal could rehabilitate 9% of the study area, followed by secondary (35%) and tertiary (41%) treatments. Microbiological contamination (27%) emerged as the predominant challenge for water supply agencies. Given the current trajectory of water quality deterioration, access to potable water is poised to become a significant public concern. Consequently, government agencies are urged to implement appropriate measures to enhance overall groundwater quality for sustainable development.

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“…Two triangles are integrated into the middle diamond-shaped part to form a point for identifying the groundwater chemical phase [17]. The Gibbs model is divided into three regions by TDS and Na + /ðNa + + Ca 2+ Þ and Cl − /ðCl − + HC O 3 − Þ, revealing the chemical control factors of groundwater, namely, atmospheric precipitation, rock weathering, and evaporative crystallization [18]. The concentration relationship between the main ions can determine the source of solute and the chemical process of groundwater.…”

Section: Stratum Lithology and Bad Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Tunnel Groundwater Based on Multivariate Statistical Technology

et al. 2021

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Following tunnel excavation, which is influenced by hydraulic fracturing and geological structure, a series of hydrochemical reactions occur in the karst aquifer, which has a significant impact on groundwater hydrology and the earth process. Based on five sets of 38 samples collected in the Tongzi Tunnel in 2020 and 2021, the main geochemical processes and water quality conditions of the karst aquifer system during tunnel construction were revealed by multivariate statistical analysis and graphical methods. The results showed that water-rock action is the main mechanism controlling groundwater chemistry in the study area; HCO3-, Ca2+, and Mg2+ are associated with the widely distributed carbonate rocks in the study area. SO42- is derived from gypsum and sulfate rocks and special strata, which are another important source of Ca2+. Sodium-containing silicates and reverse cation exchange as the causal mechanisms of Na+ whereas F- is derived from fluorite. According to the mineral saturation index calculations, the dissolution and precipitation of minerals such as alum, gypsum, calcite, dolomite, and salt rock have an important influence on the main chemical components in water. The 38 samples were subjected to cluster analysis, and the results could be classified into seven categories. The representative clusters 1, 3, and 5 were selected for principal component analysis. Clusters 1 and 5 of groundwater represent weathering, dissolution, and ion exchange of carbonate and sulfate rocks and are closely related to the lithologic limestone, limestone intercalated with carbonaceous mudstone, carbonaceous mudstone, and coal-measure strata in the aquifer. Cluster 3 is dominated by upper surface river water and characterizes the geochemistry in natural water bodies dominated by the dissolution of carbonate, sulfate, and salt rocks. Finally, groundwater quality is mostly found in Class IV, with NO3- and F- being the main contaminants in the water.

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Evaluation of the hydrochemistry of groundwater at Jhelum Basin, Punjab, Pakistan

Cited by 19 publications

References 81 publications

Hydrogeochemical Investigation of Elevated Arsenic Based on Entropy Modeling, in the Aquifers of District Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan

Hydrogeochemical Investigation of Elevated Arsenic Based on Entropy Modeling, in the Aquifers of District Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan

Integrated Assessment and Geostatistical Evaluation of Groundwater Quality through Water Quality Indices

Analysis of Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Tunnel Groundwater Based on Multivariate Statistical Technology

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