Evaluation of the HUD Lead Hazard Control Grant Program: Early Overall Findings

Galke, Warren; Clark, Scott; Wilson, Jonathan; Jacobs, David E.; Succop, Paul; Dixon, Sherry; Bornschein, Bob; McLaine, Pat; Chen, Mei

doi:10.1006/enrs.2001.4259

Cited by 48 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…These treatments resulted in substantial and sustained reductions in interior lead dust and children's blood lead levels (Farfel et al 1994;Galke et al 2001;U.S. EPA 1997).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of lead-based paint hazards in U.S. housing.

Jacobs

Clickner

Zhou

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

353

266

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In this study we estimated the number of housing units in the United States with lead-based paint and lead-based paint hazards. We included measurements of lead in intact and deteriorated paint, interior dust, and bare soil. A nationally representative, random sample of 831 housing units was evaluated in a survey between 1998 and 2000; the units and their occupants did not differ significantly from nationwide characteristics. Results indicate that 38 million housing units had lead-based paint, down from the 1990 estimate of 64 million. Twenty-four million had significant lead-based paint hazards. Of those with hazards, 1.2 million units housed low-income families (< 30,000 US dollars/year) with children under 6 years of age. Although 17% of government-supported, low-income housing had hazards, 35% of all low-income housing had hazards. For households with incomes greater than or equal to 30,000 US dollars/year, 19% had hazards. Fourteen percent of all houses had significantly deteriorated lead-based paint, and 16% and 7%, respectively, had dust lead and soil lead levels above current standards of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The prevalence of lead-based paint and hazards increases with age of housing, but most painted surfaces, even in older housing, do not have lead-based paint. Between 2% and 25% of painted building components were coated with lead-based paint. Housing in the Northeast and Midwest had about twice the prevalence of hazards compared with housing in the South and West. The greatest risk occurs in older units with lead-based paint hazards that either will be or are currently occupied by families with children under 6 years of age and are low-income and/or are undergoing renovation or maintenance that disturbs lead-based paint. This study also confirms projections made in 2000 by the President's Task Force on Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks to Children of the number of houses with lead-based paint hazards. Public- and private-sector resources should be directed to units posing the greatest risk if future lead poisoning is to be prevented.

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“…These treatments resulted in substantial and sustained reductions in interior lead dust and children's blood lead levels (Farfel et al 1994;Galke et al 2001;U.S. EPA 1997).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of lead-based paint hazards in U.S. housing.

Jacobs

Clickner

Zhou

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

353

266

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show abstract

“…55 In another study of more than 2600 housing units, postabatement dust lead levels were 12 μg/ft 2 , 31 μg/ft 2 , and 32 μg/ft 2 for floors, window sills and window troughs, respectively. 56 These levels were achieved with dust clearance testing set at 100 μg/ft 2 or higher, but floor dust lead levels below 5 μg/ft 2 can be achieved by following a specific protocol. In 1 unpublished study of more than 160 housing units built before 1978, 1 group found that it is possible to routinely meet floor lead levels below 5 μg/ft 2 after housing renovations costing an average of $5600 (B. Lanphear, MD, MPH, Simon Fraser University, unpublished data).…”

Section: Lead In Paint and Dustmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of Childhood Lead Toxicity

Lanphear¹,

Lowry²,

Ahdoot³

et al. 2016

Pediatrics

177

140

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Blood lead concentrations have decreased dramatically in US children over the past 4 decades, but too many children still live in housing with deteriorated lead-based paint and are at risk for lead exposure with resulting lead-associated cognitive impairment and behavioral problems. Evidence continues to accrue that commonly encountered blood lead concentrations, even those below 5 µg/dL (50 ppb), impair cognition; there is no identified threshold or safe level of lead in blood. From 2007 to 2010, approximately 2.6% of preschool children in the United States had a blood lead concentration ≥5 µg/dL (≥50 ppb), which represents about 535 000 US children 1 to 5 years of age. Evidence-based guidance is available for managing increased lead exposure in children, and reducing sources of lead in the environment, including lead in housing, soil, water, and consumer products, has been shown to be cost-beneficial. Primary prevention should be the focus of policy on childhood lead toxicity.

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“…At best, I can assert that in each case, the BLL declines from above 10 lg/dL to below 10 lg/dL. In an individual child level study, the authors found that the mean BLL of children moving back into remediated homes declined from 11.0 to 9.3 (À1.7) after 6 months and from 11.0 to 8.2 (À2.8) after 12 months (Galke et al, 2001). They did not investigate whether BLLs continued to decline after 12 months.…”

Section: Effect On Earningsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…They do not examine the population effects of large scale remediation efforts. The literature has shown that when done according to the current EPA guidelines which include the control of lead dust, addressing lead-based paint hazards in a unit can effectively reduce the blood lead levels of children living there (Charney et al, 1983;Farfel et al, 1994;Galke et al, 2001). There are studies that have found contradictory evidence that children's blood lead levels increase when they are reintroduced to remediated housing units (Chisolm, 1990;Rey-Alvarez andMenke-Hargrave, 1987, Shannon andGraef, 1992).…”

Section: Related Literaturementioning

confidence: 93%

Primary prevention and health outcomes: Treatment of residential lead-based paint hazards and the prevalence of childhood lead poisoning

Jones

2012

Journal of Urban Economics

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Evaluation of the HUD Lead Hazard Control Grant Program: Early Overall Findings

Cited by 48 publications

References 8 publications

The prevalence of lead-based paint hazards in U.S. housing.

The prevalence of lead-based paint hazards in U.S. housing.

Prevention of Childhood Lead Toxicity

Primary prevention and health outcomes: Treatment of residential lead-based paint hazards and the prevalence of childhood lead poisoning

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