Evaluation of the Functional Involvement of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Integrase in Nuclear Import of Viral cDNA during Acute Infection

Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of HIV-1 integrase is controlled by the viral Rev protein

“…is not surprising since the IN is considered to be a karyoophilic protein and has even been claimed to mediate nuclear entry of the viral cDNA. 12,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] The involvement of Rev in IN nuclear retention once it is intranuclear should be inferred from our experiments showing preservation of nuclear IN in cells infected with the Rev M10 mutant virus or in leptomycin B-treated cells. It has been well established that in both of these cells, Rev remains intranuclear, being unable to exhibit nuclear export activities.…”

Effective Suppression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 through a Combination of Short- or Long-Hairpin RNAs Targeting Essential Sequences for Retroviral Integration

“…For PCR, virus incubated at 65°C for 30 min prior to inoculation was used as the heat-inactivated control (HI), and for the HIV-1 DNA standard, a linearized HIV-1 molecular clone (pNL43luc⌬env) was amplified. Human ␤-globin DNA was used as the internal control (17). The gel image was taken by using Image Saver System AE-6905C (ATTO, Tokyo, Japan), and the intensities of the PCR products were quantified by using Adobe Photoshop 7.0 software.…”

Transportin 3 and importin α are required for effective nuclear import of HIV-1 integrase in virus-infected cells

“…33,34 However, the exact mechanism governing nuclear import of the PIC remains unclear. 3,[11][12][13][14]25,27,28,30 Our previous works, 17,18 as well as that of others, 14,[35][36][37][38][39] have demonstrated that the HIV-1 IN is a karyophilic protein that IN interacts with both importin α and TNPO3. These results suggest that these two nuclear-import receptors are involved in the translocation of IN into nuclei of infected cells, either concurrently or alternately.…”